Liyana Badr’s A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A Woman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-Atrash :: A Balcony over the Fakihani

Liyana Badrs A Balcony over the Fakihani, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A charwoman of Five Seasons, by Leila Al-AtrashIn Liyana Badrs novella, A Balcony over the Fakihani, the main character, Suad, meets and falls in love with a man named Umar, who towards the books last is killed in battle. What occurs between the meeting and the death constitutes the authors attempt to process the environment in which she grew up. Similarly, Pillars of Salt, by Fadia Faqir, and A Woman of Five Seasons, Leila Al-Atrash, decoct on and investigate womens lives in the Arab world. At the very least, three issues are at work in these books. One string explores the oppressions and the joys, the perversities and the passions of Arab women. Another composing is Arab mens behaviors and attitudes toward women. The final topic, which encompasses the other two, is the idea of literary form that is, the articulationicular slipway in which the authors represent their experiences through writing. Tak en together, these novels, in some(prenominal) shape and content, explore what it means to be a woman in an Arab, a mans, world.One early scene in A Balcony everyplace the Fakihani is emblematic of the novella as a whole, as well as of the novels of Faqir and Al-Atrash it encapsulates the authors artistic approach to the handling of their lives, the hostilities they must endure, the roles of Arab men and women, and the different ways both act within their setting. To begin, Badr artfully sets the stage in an almost journalistic fashion, parodying a newspapers objective approach in the breast of so much human tragedy May 1973tank gun and machine gun fire on Shatila camp (Badr, 45). This crafty setup is part and parcel of the way in which the author handles her topic. Only through art can she comprehend and process these events. In this respect, The sky was lit with green and violent stars, and the thunder and lightening wasnt real thunder and lightening, but bullets from machine guns and small arms. In the midst of such fighting, Suad noticed a fair hair in the middle of her head. I couldnt believe a babys hair could turn etiolate (46). Her disbelief is compounded when Im Hamdi sees the white hair and cried out and wailed. Suad, in turn, is overcome by emotion. The two women hug and cry.

What Does American Education Need? :: Teaching Teachers Learning School Essays

What Does American Education Need?For over four decades, the public education establishment has delivered one educational disaster by and by another. Solution after solution they clear offered have fallen far short of promises. The education establishments perennial answer to our education problems is increased education expenditures. educational expenditures have skyrocketed (more than doubling every 20 years since 1960) and yet Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores plummet.National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) hear results partially demonstrate our dismal education picture. Of 17-year olds taking the test 47 per centum could not express 9/100 as a percent only 5 percent could calculate the cost per kilowatt on an electric bill that charged $9.09 for 606 kilowatts 26 percent did not know the U.S. telling was part of the legislative branch of government 43 percent of high school juniors could not place World War I within the catamenia 1900 to 1950 75 percent could no t place Abraham Lincolns presidency in the era 1840-1880. (1)The education establishments latest solution, supported by President Clinton, is massive national expenditures to hire 100,000 additional teachers. This they claim will reduce class surfaces and thus improve academic exertion. United States already has smaller classes than countries where student academic performance is much greater than ours. For example, Japan averages 41 students per class compared to 26 in the United States. In mathematics, where their students run circles around ours, their average math class size is 43 compared to our 20. (2)Breaking the education monopoly will solve most of the nations education problems. A way to achieve this is through education vouchers or tuition tax attribute. The basic feature of proposals for education vouchers is for state and local governments to make direct payments to parents, in the form of vouchers, that are used to pay tuition charged by public or non-public schoo ls.The basic feature of tuition tax credits is to give parents a credit against their income taxes for tuition expenses. For example if a parent played out $3,000 in tuition to send their kid to a non-public school, all or a percentage of the tuition would be subtracted from the parents tax liability. Tuition tax credits are far preferable to vouchers because we would not run the risk of government intervention in the form of state Departments of Vouchers.Opponents interested in maintaining the monopoly of education have advanced arguments against greater competition in the education of Americas children. These arguments seem to be plausible however, upon just a little bit of reflection they are just now baseless.

Expansion of EU :: Economics Trade Indian IT Companies Essays

Expansion of EUThe EU Expansion of May 2004On May 1, 2004, new members were added to EU. The true round of expansion brings 10 new EU kids on the block Slovenia, Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus, and Malta. There are more to follow in the EU outlook list. Many of these countries are of varying economic strengths and per capita incomes. The average Gross National Product of the newer countries is significantly different from the first 12 member nations of the EU.Indian IT industryIndia has a well-trained work force and the largest pool of English speaking workers anywhere outside native English speaking countries. India produces more engineers and MBAs than any European country. The amend work force and the currency exchange rates are the prime factors that make India a very attractive location for software development. Indias quality workforce is among the least paid in the world, yet the workers can afford a good standard of living, d ue to relatively low cost of living in India. Due to these factors, India has emerged as leading software exporter in the world. USA and Europe are the biggest markets for the Indian software companies. The IT exports were worth $12.5 billion in the fiscal family 2003-2004. Trade between India and EuropeBefore the formation of the EU, USA was the single largest trading partner for India. Many European countries like UK, Germany and France were the other major partners. afterwards the EU came into being, it has replaced USA as Indias leading trade partner. The major industries involved in India-EU trade are steel, cement, Computer Software, etc. India has had much great business relations with the western European countries as compared to the eastern European countries.Bilateral trade between India and UK grew by over 20% during 2003. The UK is the second largest investor to India. India was the eighth largest investor in the UK in 2003. The UK attracts over 60% of Indias investme nt in Europe. India is the UKs 17th largest export market. India and Germany have strong bi-lateral trade relations. Last year, Germanys trade volume with India number some 5 billion ($5.6 billion). Indias IT sector has very strong business relations with Germany. The Changing Scenario?The basic principles on which EU functions involve removal of trade barriers among member countries and facilitation of free movement of people within the EU. Does this also involve restrictive trade practices and exclusion of workers from non-EU countries?

Changing Views of The Chorus in Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

Changing Views of The Chorus in Antigone The chorus, a group of common people who follow the actions of the satisfy Antigone, waver in their support of either Antigone or Creon, depending on their actions during a particular part of the story-line. Early in the play it is evident that they are highly pro-Creon, but a short time later they seem to sway into the direction of Antigone and support her actions. This incongruency about the them, however, was an extremely interesting feature of this Sophocles drama, causing the referee to question the reliability of the chorus. The opening lines from the chorus merely inform the reader about the war which had just taken place between Thebes and Argos. Their last lines of this opening choral passage, however, introduced king Creon, making him seem quite noble yet mysterious to his loyal subjects. They state such questions as what new plan entrust he launch? and Why this sudden call to the old men summoned at one com piece o f musicd? (Lines 175-178) These lines are utilized by Sophocles as a suspenseful introduction to Creons orders concerning the body of Polynices. The choruss next appearance blatantly shows their biased attitudes against Antigone and her exiled father Oedipus. At this point they still sing praise for King Creon and his steady decisions concerning the law which was placed upon the city regarding the body of Polynices When he weaves in the laws of the land, and the justice of the gods that binds his oaths together, he and his city rise high--but the city casts out that man who weds himself to inhumanity convey to reckless daring. Never share my hearth never think my thoughts, whoever does such things. (Lines 409-416) In my opinion the man laying down the law here is Creon and Antigone is the man wedding herself to inhumanity. The next major choral address is a turning point regarding their attitude towards Antigone. At this point they are actually feeling lenity towa rds the rebellious young woman But now, even Id rebel against the king. Id break all bounds when I see this-- I fill with tears, cant hold them stomach not any more. . . I see Antigone make her way to the bridal vault where all are

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Papers Stero

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in SportsIs the use of capital punishment-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really enhance strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy.In order to understand why we are confronted with the problem of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolic steroid hormones a group of powerful synthetic chemical compounds that resemble the natural masculine sex hormones (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in substandard children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the effects of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web cat 1). These steroids are a simulated testosterone hormone of the ?steroid hormone? group. The steroid hormones (which are also produced naturally) are synthesized from cholesterol. Most simply understood, the hormones function by passing from the blood stream into individual cells where they bind to a receptor and activate certain genes that cause the production of a protein, especially muscle proteins (et. al.). By the late 1940?s, bodybuilders had discovered the effects of testosterone as a essence to stimulate muscle growth and to make themselves train with more intensity and aggression (Schwarzenneger 723). In 1953, the first truly synthetic anabolic steroid was developed, having a strength-building effect three to five times higher than testosterone. From bodybuilders to other athletes, steroid use quickly gaine... ... in Sports Side Effects and Links.? Biology 121 Web Project/Anabolic Steroids. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http//www.people.virginia.edu/ abs9f/*. Meoreira de Araujo, Mario Cesar and Marcelo R. Facio. ?The Use of A nabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes.? Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes MEDSTUDENTS-SPC. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http//www.medstudents.com.br/sport2.htm*. Schwarzenegger, Arnold. Encyclopedia of new-made Bodybuilding. New York Simon and Schuster, 1987.Vecsey, George. ?The Real Goal is Protecting the Children.? The New York Times 17 Sept. 2000, col. Sports of the Times 1-3. 18 Sept. 2000 *http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=969323324&RQT=309&CC=1&Dtp=1&Did=000000060561967&Mtd=1&Fmt=*.

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Papers Stero

The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in SportsIs the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports dangerous? To what degree do these drugs really grow strength, size, training ability, and muscular performance? Not only are the answers to these questions still unclear, they are the subjects of deep controversy.In order to understand why we are confronted with the bother of performance-enhancing drug use in athletics today, we must look at the history of the development of anabolic steroids a group of powerful man-made chemical compounds that resemble the natural male sex endocrine glands (Schwarzenneger 722). Anabolic steroids were first developed in the 1930s as a therapeutic drug to treat growth hormone replacement in deficient children, menopausal symptoms, impotence, and the retardation of the cause of aging by stimulating the rate of synthesis of protein molecules (Biology 121 Web Project 1). These steroids are a simulated testosterone hormone of the ?steroid hormone? group. The steroid hormones (which are also produced naturally) are synthesized from cholesterol. Most simply understood, the hormones function by passing from the blood stream into individual cells where they bind to a receptor and activate certain genes that cause the production of a protein, especially muscle proteins (et. al.). By the late 1940?s, bodybuilders had discovered the effects of testosterone as a means to stimulate muscle growth and to make themselves train with more intensity and aggression (Schwarzenneger 723). In 1953, the first truly synthetic anabolic steroid was developed, having a strength-building effect three to five times higher than testosterone. From bodybuilders to other athletes, steroid use quickly gaine... ... in Sports Side effectuate and Links.? Biology 121 Web Project/Anabolic Steroids. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http//www.people.virginia.edu/ abs9f/*. Meoreira de Araujo, Mario Cesar and Marcelo R. Facio. ?The Use of Anabolic/Androgen ic Steroids by Athletes.? Use of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids by Athletes MEDSTUDENTS-SPC. 9 Nov. 2000. 6 Nov. 2000 *http//www.medstudents.com.br/sport2.htm*. Schwarzenegger, Arnold. Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. New York Simon and Schuster, 1987.Vecsey, George. ?The Real Goal is Protecting the Children.? The New York Times 17 Sept. 2000, col. Sports of the Times 1-3. 18 Sept. 2000 *http//proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=969323324&RQT=309&CC=1&Dtp=1&Did=000000060561967&Mtd=1&Fmt=*.

Health Needs Assessment Process Health And Social Care Essay

Public health is concerned with the local population s health and takes into consideration the economic, societal and environ intellectual factors of both communities and mortals. health visitants transcendly beat a major portion to play in the function of common wellness, which has become a high precedence over the last decennary ( Cowley, 2008 ) . There has clearly been a move off from a medical conjectural account towards a societal notional account of forethought which requires wellness visitants to hold specialised accomplishments and cognition in order to measure a menage holistic every last(predicate)y. Through a wellness needs appraisal, the wellness visitant stand mall the requirements of a population and so compact on an intercession that would receipts the population s unmet demands ( Peterson and Alexander 2001 ) .The purpose of this assignment lead be to tail end, utilizing the wellness needs assessment procedure, an issue that needs readdressing. The place wellness demand entrust be analysed and so a service or intercession will be created in order to cut shine wellness inequalities and develop wellness ( Health Development Agency 2004 ) . The National Institute for Clinical Excellence ( Cavanagh & A Chadwick, 2005 ) provides an in deepness model to find which will abet to turn to the elect wellness demand. Using the model, and a combination of grounds taken from epidemiology and theory, will heighten the determination devising procedure.The population chosen to concentrate on will be pistillate p atomic number 18nts who suffer from postnatal imprint. A population can be geographical, a client assort or bulk with peculiar wellness jobs ( Calman, 1999 ) . The appraisal will look at the demands of these female farms. The chief purpose will be to supply an intercession that reduces the strength of the malady and the figure of female parents enduring from postnatal low gear.The principle for taking this population is that postpartum falloff can be overtaken as a issueant usual wellness job ( Sharp et al, 2010 ) . It can besides hold a important negative affect on the lives of the female parents, their sisters and their households. Beck ( 2006 ) writes how postpartum depression is, a serious temper upset that can stultify a braggart(a) female s first few calendar months as a parvenu female parent. There appears to be a deficiency of services in stock(predicate) for female parents with postpartum depression and we need to see, Is there both point in placing adult females with PND if we have no services to offer them? Public wellness is defined in the Acheson study as, the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and march on wellness through the organised attempts of society. ( Acheson, 1988 ) . This description clearly reflects the indispensable focal point of today s public wellness. Ten old ages subsequently Acheson realised a farther study whic h looked at inequalities in wellness ( Acheson 1998 ) . Both these studies have been the culture and consequence of many public wellness associated paperss. Oliver and Nutheam ( 2003 ) point by that these new regime policies have been developed to explicitly turn to bing wellness inequalities, following the election of the new Labour authorities in 1997.Health forwarding can be seen as a comprehensive political and societal method. It is non merely aimed at bettering an person s capablenesss and accomplishments, but besides looking at doing alterations to environmental, societal and economic issues in order to cut down their impact on both single and public wellness ( WHO, 1998 ) . Mitcheson ( 2008 ) suggests that wellness publicity is just about assisting people to hold the capablenesss and resources to take control of and better their wellness demands. A phrase by Milio, ( 1986 ) , suitably jibes up wellness publicity by stating making the healthy take the easier pick. Acheson ( 1998 ) negotiations about the upstream and downstream public wellness schemes in which wellness publicity can be seen as an upstream attack, concentrating on pr in timetive steps.As wellness publicity is reasonably complex, there are a figure of different wellness publicity approaches that can be used. The pick of attack can depend on the wellness need assessment and the purposes ( Ewles & A Simnett, 2003 ) . Models, which are a type of suppositious model, can be reusable for planning, implementing and measuring intercessions. The wellness publicity theoretical account is defined by Naidoo & A Wills ( 2000 ) , as .a manner of associating thoughts and certifying the relationship between theory and pattern. There have been a variety of different writers that have produced theoretical accounts for wellness demands appraisals such as T matchlesss and Green, 2004 ( wellness belief theoretical account ) and Tones and Tilford, 2001, ( wellness action theoretical accoun t ) . Roden ( 2004 ) criticises the wellness belief theoretical account by stating that it focuses on a medical attack to wellness publicity instead than a holistic position.A series of paperss and documents on wellness and wellbeing, have emerged from the Department of Health and other associated authorities sections. Several of these paperss highlight the importance of the function of the wellness visitant for advancing mental wellness. Initially in 1997, The New NHS Modern, Dependable ( DoH, 1997 ) , this focuses on the authorities s vision to do the necessary alterations to better and undertake disturbed wellness and inequalities. Other paperss that are comparative to this assignment include The NHS Plan Switching the balance of power ( DoH, 2000 ) , Making a Difference ( DoH, 1999a ) , Our Health, Our Care, Our Say ( DoH, 2006 ) , Choosing Health ( DoH, 2004 ) , Report of the Chief Medical Officer s Undertaking to Strengthen the Public Health Function, ( DoH, 2001 ) , Salvag ing Lifes Our Healthier Nation ( DoH, 1999b ) , discusses the demand to diminish the hazards associated with different mental unwellnesss and besides highlights the effects of depression on both the female parent and nipper. Every Child Matters ( DfES, 2004 ) and Procuring Good Health for the Population ( Wanless, 2004 ) . A exposition that reflects authorities policy has been provided by Wanless as, the scientific discipline and art of forestalling disease, protracting life and advancing wellness through the organized attempts and informed picks of society, administrations, public and private communities and persons, ( Wanless 2004, p.3. ) . This definition appears to be to a greater extent appropriate for the twenty-first century as it puts much accent on the joint attempts of persons, the province of their personal wellness and besides their households . The definition besides has the extra construct of informed pick and duty for administrations to work collaboratively in o rder to advance public wellness. This can be seen as a manner of authorising communities.It can be seen that persons, communities and all wellness professionals have a portion to play in public wellness publicity, obstruction of sick wellness and wellness protection. These are indispensable demands for the function of the wellness visitant. The Standards for Proficiency for the specializer community public wellness shelter ( NMC, 2004 ) and the wellness sing rules defined in the, Council for the Education and Training of Health Visitors ( CETHV, 1977 ) , place the four chief spheres that define the needed proficiencies. These are the hunt for wellness demands, influence on policies impacting wellness, facilitation of wellness increase activities and the stimulation of the consciousness of wellness demands. From these rules, and including the 10 occupational criterions for public wellness ( Prime R & A D Ltd for Skills for Health 2003 ) , it can be seen that overall the purpose is to advance and protect the wellness of the population.Health visitants have ever had an of import function to play in the publicity of public wellness in the community. Over the old ages, the Numberss of wellness visitants has declined. The public wellness curate, Anne Milton ( 2010 ) , admits the profession has been eroded dramatically over the past decennary. Since the study of the decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) , and aboard this the new Children s Act ( 2004 ) there has been acknowledgment of the difference that wellness visitants can do. This has had a considerable consequence on the wellness visitants function. Health visitants are seen as cardinal confederates in primary attention for implementing new statute law and bettering results for the immature and vulnerable. However Thornhurst ( 2009 ) , writes how the wellness visitants function has become so centred around kid protection that there is now less clip for them to work in the community, deciding the societal issues that contribute to the kid protection instances. This appears to be a go oning public wellness argument.Prior to doing any alterations to better wellness, we need to get down by happening out what the wellness demands are and how, within a population, they can be assessed. Health needs appraisal is defined by Wright et Al ( 2006 ) , as . a systematic method of placing unmet wellness and wellness attention demands of a population and doing alterations to run into these unmet demands. The purpose of the wellness demands appraisal is to look at current informations and information gathered from different beginnings. The information will so be analysed to find any alterations that whitethorn necessitate to be made in order to run into the identified wellness demand. It besides involves a motley of professionals every numeral good as the general populace ( Haughley, 2008 ) . Decisions will be made in order to accomplish good results for the population resources ac quirable will necessitate to be considered. A needs appraisal can assist with doing determinations. The National Institution for Clinical Excellence ( NICE, 2005 ) provides a model that is heavy-armed and it provides systematic cues to steer you through the wellness needs assessment procedure.The model was produced by Cananagh and Chadwick, ( 2005 ) . One of the strengths of the model is that it s an easy and simple procedure to follow ( Coverdale and Lancaster, 2006 ) . This model should non be used entirely but in concurrence with other theoretical accounts as this will assist steer practicians through the procedure. Haughey ( 2008 ) describes the wellness needs appraisal as a manner of garnering parts in order to finish a jigsaw. The essay will now see the chosen population within the writer s area of pattern and a wellness needs appraisal will follow.Through observation in pattern, it is clear that the wellness visitant is good placed to place any early symptoms of postpartum depression ( DOH, 2003 ) . The National Service Framework for Mental Health ( DOH, 1999c ) recommends that wellness visitants need to utilize their everyday visits for accessing postpartum depression and for handling the identified milder instances. However, novel research suggests that due to cuts in the Numberss of wellness visitants and the deficiency of clip available to go to excess preparation for measuring depression and psychological support attacks, most wellness visitants are unable to to the full back up down female parents ( Brugha et al, 2010 ) .Despite the well known grounds to demo the impact of postpartum depression on the female parent and her household every bit good as the long term impact on the babe, less than 50 % of station natal instances are indentified. A qualitative reappraisal of 40 surveies revealed that a adult females s in office to uncover their existent feelings proved to be a general barrier for seeking aid ( Dennis & A Chung-Lee, 2006 ) . Beck, ( 2006 ) writes how wellness practicians fail to observe postpartum depression as they do nt cognize what to look for. He besides suggests that female parents frequently hide their depression. For the instances where postpartum depression is identified, there appears to be a deficiency of services to back up them ( Hewitt et al, 2009 ) . Raising consciousness of the demand to place and back up female parents with postpartum depression includes the function of the SCPHN and is besides highlighted in the public wellness definition.Epidemiology is the survey of diseases of populations and is a major scientific discipline that underpins public wellness. Epidemiology allows us to understand diseases and the causes, place groups that are peculiarly affected and understand the effectivity of intercessions for undertaking identified jobs ( Heller et al, 2001 ) . Epidemiology of postpartum depression appears to be ill understood. Up to day of the month official national figures for postpartum depression have proved hard to garner and the information that is available gives conflicting figures. There is a certain(a) sum of statistical grounds around the prevalence of mental unwellness but a limited sum of statistics that focus on postpartum depression. The information that will be used for the intent of this paper and which has been most often quoted, has been sourced from the NHS ( 2009 ) , which suggests that 1 in 10 adult females will endure from postpartum depression and take care ( 2008 ) which besides suggests 1 in 10 adult females, the NICE guidelines ( 2006 ) and the NSF MH figures ( DOH, 2007c ) , show a prevalence of 10-15 % of adult females with postpartum depression. In England and Wales, this is between 64,000 and 94,000 adult females a twelvemonth.Health visitants are unable to name postpartum depression, if they detect, utilizing a scope of showing motherfuckers, or recognize marks and symptoms of station natal depression so this information can be rec orded in the female parent s maternal wellness subdivision. No caseload informations can be collected to demo the prevalence or badness of postpartum depression. A diagnosing will trust on the female parent taking to go to an assignment with her G.P.. following(a) a meeting with one of the local G.P.s, in the writer s realm of work it was discovered that the primary attention databases that G.P.s usage have a assortment of read codifications to separate diagnosings and symptoms, nevertheless the read codification that high spots postpartum depression requires the G.P. to travel on and finish a lengthy questionnaire with the female parent. For a female parent with postpartum depression this might intend that the G.P.s are taking other read codifications, for illustration, anxiousness where no questionnaire is required. This could be seen as a possible barrier for placing female parents with postpartum depression. Many wellness visitants do non hold entree to the G.P.s notes. If a female parent has seen her GP and postpartum depression has been identified so unless there is good communicating between the GP and the wellness visitant the female parent may be left without the full aid and support that she may necessitate.Postnatal depression will hold the same characteristic symptoms as clinical depression, such as weepiness, loss of enjoyment in life, low temper, loss of assurance, kiping jobs, feelings of guilt, self blame and some(prenominal)times self-destructive ideas. For a diagnosings to be made triple or more of these symptoms ( which have persisted for at least two hebdomads ) will be identified ( Davies, 2000 ) . There does non look to be a individual cause of postpartum depression, some experts consider it is due to hormonal alterations whilst others suggest a combination of psychological and societal factors ( Clinical cognition sum-ups, 2010 ) . Postnatal depression usually develops during the first three postpartum months ( coxswain et al, 199 3 ) . Research shows that for the female parent, PND has considerable wellness deductions, it can besides consequence her long term relationships, have an inauspicious consequence on the male parents and perchance the remainder of the household ( Stein et al 2008 ) . There is besides significant research grounds to demo that the effects on the babe can include disturbed forms of communicating, expose unresponsive or retreat behavior and longer term damages in cognitive and emotional development ( Meredith & A Noller, 2003 ) .Following the grounds, prevalence and the possible major wellness deductions of postpartum depression, the accent sited by NICE for the demand of early designation, diagnosing and intervention of postpartum intervention, during both the antenatal and postpartum gunpoint appears to be wholly justifiable ( NICE, 2007a ) .The most recent comprehensive reappraisal on identifying and measuring methods used to place PND was by NICE ( 2007b ) . Following this reappra isal, clinical counsel was produced on the direction of antenatal and postpartum mental wellness. Designation of adult females with postpartum depression may hold already been completed during an prenatal visit. During a visit a female parent can be asked about her history and if she has experienced any old episodes of depression. However, due to the deficit of wellness visitants, heavy work load and because of other committednesss, it may be that non all female parents are seen for prenatal assignments, ( Shakespeare, 2001 ) . Holocene and up to day of the month research continues to corroborate the effectivity of the function of wellness visitants in cut downing postpartum depression ( Brugha et al, 2010 ) . The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression plateful is a client centred attack that helps to bring out postpartum depression in female parents that might otherwise travel undetected. It uses a ego coverage, 10-item questionnaire that focuses on how the female parent felt the old hebd omad. A mark of 12 or over is considered probable depression , whilst a lower mark of 9/10 suggests possible depression, ( Cox et al, 1987 ) . Following a recent survey to place methods for accessing postpartum depression, the EPDS was the most often explored, simple, precise, safe and preferable cost-efficient tool ( Hewitt et al, 2009 ) . The Community Practitioners and Health Visitors Association recommends that along with the EPDS, the wellness visitant besides needs to include her ain clinical appraisal. A late published qualitative survey by Slade et. Al. ( 2010 ) , reports how symptom designation through the usage of the EPDS has helped adult females to see that the wellness visitant is there for them, every bit good as the babe. However one of the ascertained negative issues sing the EPDS is that adult females from other civilizations have troubles understanding and make fulling in the questionnaire, even though there are some EPDS sheets translated into other linguisti c communications. Depression is non ever culturally recognised in other states ( Barclay & A Kent 1998 ) .Once a female parent has been identified by the wellness visitant or diagnosed by the GP for postpartum depression, so consideration can be explored into why some female parents set better than others in mental good being. Health determiners can be multipurpose to see, Dahlgren and Whitehead s theoretical account Determinants of Health, can be utile to assist research and construct a profile of a local community. Health results and inequalities can be greatly influenced both positively or negatively by persons and communities. Health can be strongly influenced by the manner people live their lives including the conditions in which they live and work, by household, friends and societal webs, ( Marmote & A Wilkinson, 2003 ) . For illustration a societal determiner such as a deficiency of household or community support might exacerbate or negatively impact on a female parent with postpartum depression. However, good support could hold a powerful and positive impact on an person s wellness.Step three of the HNA will now follow. This portion of the procedure will direct the practician to set up a helpful and pleasing intercession. Literature environing postpartum depression appears to concentrate on the effectivity of support groups ( Alakus et al, 2007, Dennis & A Chung-Lee, 2006 ) . The Royal College of Psychiatrists, et Al ( 2000 ) compose how support in the prenatal period can cut down the badness of PND. More late, Dennis et Al ( 2004 ) writes that PND can be hard to foretell antenatally and suggests that preventive methods have chiefly proved uneffective. Cox in 1986 wrote how support groups during the postpartum period can be one of the most successful agencies of intervention. Dennis, et Al, ( 2009 ) writes how support groups are good acknowledged in books as valuable for cut downing and handling depression. For this wellness needs appraisal, it seems that a pilot postpartum support group would be appropriate. In the country where the writer works there is presently no group running to back up female parents with postpartum depression.The complexness of PND and the attention required can be complex, so a whole squad attack will be needed, alternatively of an single 1. This will guarantee the attention needed will be successfully provided. When sing the wellness needs intercession a squad will be required to take it. Ideally the squad would expect of the wellness visitant, G.P.s, babys room nurses and a community mental wellness nurse. For the intercession to be successful so the squad will necessitate to hold a shared vision, an apprehension of each other s functions within the squad, a well-thought-of leader to drive the intercession frontward, a sound action program, flexibleness, and the ability to work collaboratively ( Hill et al, 2007 ) . Collaborative working has been greatly emphasised over the last few old age s in a assortment of paperss and is besides considered an of import function of the SCPHN ( NMC, 2004 ) who works within a community, aboard multidisciplinary bureaus to better wellness and good being, this is besides reflected in the last portion of Acheson s definition, through the organized attempts of society. There are frequently barriers that can negatively impact effectual collaborative working such as, deficiency of communicating, clip limitations, differing positions and values and frequently troubles even obtaining a room to run into in, ( Almond & A Cowley, 2008 ) . The support group will be a good illustration to show collaborative working between professionals and services utilizations.Once a squad had been brought together, a locale would be decided for the support group. The local certain start kids s snapper would be an ideal locale. Certain start Centres are a authorities enterprise which purpose is to give kids the best possible start in life, ( DOH, 2007 ) . The country the writer works in is a rural location with limited public conveyance. Many of the female parents with PND live in stray parts, so for these female parents, free conveyance will be provided. However, if support at the local kids s Centre is cut this may hold a negative impact on this service being offered for the group or any future groups. Leting the female parents with PND, who live in stray countries, the opportunity to go to the support group can hold a important, positive consequence on their depressive symptoms ( Hunker, et Al, 2009 ) . It will be of import to utilize a locale with child care installations. The certain start Centre has been used for a assortment of groups in the yesteryear and offers a non-stigmatising locale a warm and comradely environment.Mothers identified with postpartum depression will be referred to the group and during a place visit, information will be provided so the female parents can make up ones mind whether they loss to come. A te lephone call prior to the group will besides be made. Empowering people, leting them to do informed picks and bettering their life accomplishments, which are needed for doing alterations, are all portion of the wellness publicity procedure ( Naidoo & A Wills, 2000 ) . Many female parents with PND will be in the contemplation phase described in Prochaska and DiClemente s Stages of Change Model ( 1983 ) , where they are cognizant that there is a job but may non be certain or motivated to do the alterations needed. This theoretical account involves the individual traveling through a series of phases when turn toing debatable behavior. Peoples will go through through different phases at their ain gait. Prochaska and DiClimente ( 1982 ) compose how identifying where a individual is within the theoretical account will enable the practician to accommodate their intercessions to run into their single demands. This might intend that the wellness visitant offers the female parent listening v isits at place ( HCP, 2009 ) until she feels ready to go to the support group.The support group would run over eight hebdomads for one and a half hours and a creche will be provided run by the babys room nurses. The wellness visitant and community mental wellness nurse will jointly run the group and will be trained suitably. The purpose of the group will be for female parents to derive support from other female parents in similar state of affairss and with similar experiences ( Alakus et al, 2007 ) . The purpose will be for the female parents to experience less down, better their self-esteem, self-worth, addition assurance, make friendly relationships and develop get bying schemes. To assist the female parents achieve this, the hebdomadal support group will offer both instruction and besides a assortment of taster Sessionss. For illustration, cognitive behavioral therapy, exercising, babe massage and holistic therapies. The beginning of the group will let female parents to portion a ny events of the past hebdomad. mold can be an effectual intervention for postpartum depression every bit good as increasing the female parent s moxie of good being and can be a offered in the group as a combination of both exercising and relaxation techniques. Two recent clinical tests found that many adult females are loath to utilize medicine for intervention of PND. The survey besides revealed that exercising can relieve depression every bit efficaciously as medicines, ( Daley, et Al, 2007 ) .Research has shown that infant massage in group work can cut down emphasis endocrines, significantly lessen depression symptoms and besides aid female parents to better relationships with their babes ( Heh, et al 2008 ) .For adult females sing PND cognitive behavioral therapy is the intervention of pick ( NICE, 2007 ) . The Sessionss will assist female parents to dispute negative ideas and modify beliefs specifically associating to motherhood. CBT helps people to prosecute in activities a nd has been shown to cut down symptoms, better a individual s calibre of life and better map ( NICE, 2009 ) .Evaluation is an of import portion of a wellness needs appraisal and rating of any intercession needs to be considered, as highlighted in the clinical administration rules ( Adams & A Forester, 2002 ) . There are a assortment of assessment methods. To mensurate the effectivity of the group the female parent s original EPDS tonss would be recorded and so they would be asked to make full in another 1 at the terminal of the 8 hebdomads to see if their tonss had improved. Improved EPDS tonss and a decrease in PND could intend that the group could go on to run. Long term effectivity of the group, if it continues, will be seen in the bar or hold of morbidity or mortality, ( Mitcheson, 2008 ) This may finally take to the decrease of cost for handling people with PND. An effectual manner of measuring the intercession could be through a SWOT appraisal, a technique credited to Humphr ey ( 1960-1970s ) . SWOT is a structured method used to place strengths, failings, chances and menaces.To reason, it can be seen that by working through the phases of a wellness needs appraisal that the demand for an intercession in the writer s country was clearly identified. The lit reviews provided information to help with the apprehension of PND and the effects it can hold on the female parent, household and babe. There is clearly a demand for a more accurate and consistent manner of placing PND and so entering and utilizing the information. For the group to be effectual, it was identified that good collaborative working was indispensable. As the function of the wellness visitant has changed over the old ages, it is of import to show how they can better wellness and cut down inequalities through successful, choice intercessions.Word count 4, 378.

Brain Abnormalities and Schizophrenia

The real etiology of schizophrenia is still a dream despite massive studies on the involvement of the ace. Studies of the wag through neuroimaging pack revealed that frontal cortex, temporal lobe, and sub cortical structures ar tangled. Some of ab prevalentities in the whizz of insane patients imply enlarged ventricles, cut back record book of frontal cortex, temporal lobe cortex, and sub cortical structures care com/psychology-exam-3/hippocampus and amygdala. These abnormalities boast been persistently reported in schizoid patients and this shows that they are not functioning inadequately.Some of these abnormalities are bounty at the start and some even before the onset of psychosis and this is in support of neurodevelopment of theory of schizophrenia. The key neurotransmitter in schizophrenia is dopamine however, there are others such as serotonin and glutamate which are also thought to play a role. Schizophrenia is an inherited condition, although genetic interrog ation has not come up with a clear conclusion on this matter may be because of the complexity of genetic involvement.Despite the fact that brainiac abnormalities are still not truly clear in schizophrenia, the evidence is continuously pilling and this is driving towards a complicated disease of the brain network that is affected by genetically mediated developmental abnormality. Introduction Neuropathologists have been involved in research on schizophrenia for about hundred years. Despite the length of the research, the neuropathogy of the disorder is still not clear.Although they have made some steps in their quest since the beginning when they believed that it was a functional psychosis without structural basis, the main cause of the chronic disorder is still illusive. With the technical advancement in science, researchers have come to a common finding in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and the common finding is brain abnormalities. These discoveries have made the research ers to delight in if the cause of schizophrenia is brain abnormalities and how the abnormalities arise.Despite reco precise of some brain abnormalities in patients suffering from schizophrenia, most scientists maintained that some of the abnormalities realized are quite subtle and some of them are not common in all schizophrenic patients and to occur exclusively in slew with schizophrenia. Although these patients have structural pathologies in their brains, the actual abnormalities do not coincide with the disease duration. Some of the abnormalities realized remain the same throughout the development of the disease (Bhogal, 2002).Understanding of the abnormalities of the brain in schizophrenia is among the challenges presently facing the medical community. The numerous symptoms associated with schizophrenia points at the involvement of various regions of the brain or even a widespread of network or system. stuffy approaches of neurological disorders such as lesion studies or p ost mortem examinations have defied efforts to understand the brain pathology in schizophrenia. beneficial like other fields of medicine, luck and flock have help make major steps in discoveries like dopamine theory and anti psychotics which are used in the management of the disorder.Modern research in neuroscience such as neuroimaging has aided in improving the foundation knowledge of the disorder and has sustained the hope that complete understanding of the disorder entrust be realized in the future. In this paper, I am going to summarize the major brain abnormalities found in schizophrenia through neuroimaging (Haren, 2004). Just like other complicated diseases, there are numerous theories on schizophrenia as compared to facts. The initially neurodevelopment theory points at abnormalities in fetal brain development as the cause of the failure of brain functions in early adulthood.A series of information such as increased rate of obstetric complications, small fry physical abn ormalities, neurologic mild signs, and slight behavioral abnormalities in children who later suffer from schizophrenia. This model is quite relevant to the development of schizophrenia in busy but also for other neuropsychiatric disorders (Bhogal, 2002). The major drawback of this model is that the prevalence of these signs in the non affected population is quite substantial therefore the positive prophetic value in the development of schizophrenia is not convincing.The disease usually begins at adolescent or early childhood and early adulthood and this indicates brain maturational problem during that time or before the appearance of psychosis. Excessive synaptic or dendritic pruning during the time of onset of the disorder has been suggested as one of the potential mechanism explaining the onset of psychosis in adolescent or in early childhood, although the biology implicit in(p) this stage is still not very clear (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998).Neurodegenerative model is based on active biologic processes that may be going on during the prodromal period or the usually prolonged period of untreated psychosis. Development of the disorder is also linked to environmental factors such as illicit drug use and psychosocial stress which are considered as potential secondary triggers which may be accompanying the beginning and the start of schizophrenia. The initial researchers believed that schizophrenia is associated with brain pathology.Emergence of imaging techniques such as magnetised reverberance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography scanning (CTS) have seriously contributed to the detailed study of the brain. Through computed tomography brain abnormalities such as enlarged ventricles and reduced total brain gaudiness have been reported in schizophrenic individuals and these findings were later confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (Bhogal, 2002). Studies of the brain structures have also been made easy through improvement in segmentation techniques coupl ed with the use of MRI.These techniques can be used to identify grey from discolour matter and measuring of their volume. These also contributed to a more focused investigations of specific regions of the brain such as temporal, frontal lobes, and subcortical structures. Some of the consistent findings in these regions include alteration in structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, superior temporal gyrus, and platinum temporale (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998).Lateral temporal neocortical areas where primary auditory and auditory associations are located are the places of interest in schizophrenia since they are involved in thought processes. Most of the studies in the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenic patients have always discovered reduced volumes of grey matter in the initial stages of the disorder together with those individuals who are genetically at seek of developing schizophrenia such as offspring of schizophrenic patients.Other structures of the brain which have also been reported to be abnormally small in schizophrenic patients include medial temporal structures such as hippocampus, amygdala, and parahippocampus gyri. These structures are also reported to be altered in other psychiatric disorders like snappishness disorders and post traumatic stress disorder (Lawrie & Abukmeil, 1998). Injuries sustained at the time of birth such as anoxia may be associated to hippocampus reduction and this is possibly due to neurodevelopmental abnormality.The finding is also common among concordant twins who had birth injuries. Medial temporal volume reductions have been discovered in people who are genetically at risk of developing schizophrenia. Reductions in the grey matter in the temporal regions of the brain have also been observed in people who are classified as having prodromal features of schizophrenia who have later on genuine psychotic symptoms during the follow up (Haren, 2004). The highly developed region of the brain in man is the frontal lob e.It is involved in the modulations of higher brain functions such as planning, attention, and working memory. Behavioral and cognitive deficits like lack of motivation, defects in executive functions, Wisconsin card score sorting test and spatial working memory points at frontal lobe functional abnormalities in schizophrenic patients (Lawrie, 1999). Decreased blood flow to the frontal lobe is a common finding in schizophrenia. Despite the fact that this finding is not consisted, it can also be attributed to the complex personality of the region, it has been observed though quite slight.Basal ganglia which contain caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus are involved in information processing in the cortical and subcortical networks involved in integration of cognition, emotion, and motor function. These structures have been reported to be enlarged in patients using the conventional antipsychotics and this can lead to a conclusion that dopamine blockades causes an increase in volume o f the above structures. Psychosis patients who have not used any antipsychotics are reported to have a smaller caudate volume which implies that caudate may be involved in the development of psychoses.Thalamus acts as the regulatory board for sensory signals and has reciprocal connections to the frontal lobe. It has been suggested that the connections between these two structures are associated with schizophrenia. Thalamus is a bit difficult to measure using MRI, although the findings are inconsistent, smaller thalamus have always been reported in schizophrenic patients. Other anatomic abnormalities in schizophrenia include corpus callosum which is altered both in shape and structure therefore disruption in the integration between the hemispheres.In most humans, brain functions are lateralized with the left cerebrum being dominantly involved in language. There are proposals that developmental abnormalities of language, peculiar functions of the human beings, and its laterality which is genetically mediated may be one of the causes of schizophrenia (Bhogal, 2002). Temporal lobe findings of smaller superior temporal gyrus and hippocampus have been reported to be in the left cerebrum and loss of normal asymmetry of the left superior temporal gyrus being a bit larger that the right has been reported in patients suffering from schizophrenia (Staal et.al, 2000). In the meta analysis study of laterality in schizophrenia, the researchers who were involved in this study concluded that there is a strong proof for decreased cerebral lateralization in schizophrenia more so in the language cortex. We can therefore summarize that structural imaging studies have discovered evidence of panoptic anatomic alterations in the brain regions of schizophrenic patients.The regions highly altered in these patients include those mediating higher mental functions like thought, cognition, effect, and language both early in the illness and those at risks of developing the disorder like c hildren born to schizophrenic patients (Haren, 2004). Synapses and strength genes Neuroimaging studies are in support of the possibility of neurodevelopmental abnormality in schizophrenia, neuronal, molecular, and neurochemical mechanisms underlying these brain abnormalities are not conclusive.High profile neuropathologic studies have revealed losses in synapse density and relatively normal or elevated neuronal numbers in schizophrenia, which indicates that the main defect may be synapse integrity. This discovery has elicited search for genes that may be associated with synapse integrity by the use of DNA microarray techniques. Post mortem findings on the patients with schizophrenia revealed under expression of a family of synapse related genes (Bhogal, 2002). Genetic factors are the main factors listed as being associated with schizophrenia, however the exact genes involved in susceptibility is still a puzzle.Although the initial studies on finding these genes was not successful, current studies have implicated several genes in the development of schizophrenia and some of the genes include dysbindin-1, neuregulin-1, d-amino acid oxidase, its activator DAOA, and the regulator of G protein signaling 4. Recent proposals indicated that synapses, especially glutamatergic ones might be the site of initial abnormalities in schizophrenia with downstream disruption of spooky circuitry and subsequent effect on other neurotransmitters (Lawrie, 1999). ConclusionsIt has become clear that the early scientists were right in their suspicion that the brain is involved in schizophrenia. This evidence cannot be disputed despite the fact that there is no comprehensive information on the etiology and pathophysiology of the disorder. The brain abnormalities in schizophrenia appear to be distributed in extensive areas supporting the fact that schizophrenia is a disorder associated with brain connections. We are still very far from understanding some of the major neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimers disease.The molecular, physiologic, and neurochemical mechanisms underlying schizophrenia continues to evade our findings. Recent research on the disorder acts as the foundations for future fundamental discoveries on the nature of schizophrenia. References Bhogal, B. (2002). Physical Brain Abnormality a Possible Cause of Schizophrenia. Retrieved on May 6, 2010 from http//serendip. brynmawr. edu/bb/neuro/neuro02/web1/bbhogal. html Haren, N. E. M. (2004). Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia longitudinal and genetic aspects.Quebec s. n. Lawrie, S. (Jan. 4, 1999). risk of exposure Of Schizophrenia Onset Linked To Brain Abnormalities. The Lancet. Lawrie, S. M. & Abukmeil, S. S. (1998). Brain abnormality in schizophrenia. A systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry 172. Staal, G. S. et. al. (2000). Structural Brain Abnormalities in Patients With Schizophrenia and Their Healthy Siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157.

Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution

Although most historians say that pre-history is not important, it is actually very important because that is where it all started. Paleolithic grow, which refers to the hunting and gathering way of life, is 95% of the human history. 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started using tools to manipulate their surroundings, and migrating and adapting to bare-assed environments. They traveled to Eurasia, Australia, Western hemisphere, and the Pacific islands. Then they started land, which lead to an era with more technology, surplus, and time to think.The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was an important beginning to the human history. A lot happened during the Paleolithic Age. Technological innovations, such as stone blades and tools made out of bone up were created, along with the controlling of fire. Some people argue because there was no surplus and there was no specialization, life was more egalitarian back then. hands and women were thought to have a more equal relations hip. Even then people were spiritual, marking their existence, and was trying to control natural forces with supernatural forces.Forces of nature beyond their control was feared. When people started migrating, people learned and invented ways to adapt to their environment. They started communicating through language, and in the Americas, it is evident from the discovery of Clovis point that people communicated in a large area. At the end of the Ice Age, the warmer and wetter climate made it easier to settle down, which lead to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was when people started farming all over the world.This gave them surplus, which made them settle down, which eventually lead to villages, cities, empires, and civilizations. But this also meant a more concentrated power to the elite men who obligate the labor system, thus more stratified. Pastoralism also developed, which was the domestication of animals. Animals were used for not only meat purposes now but also for transportation, power, and manure. The pastoralists and agricultural people would later conflict due to competition for land.Agriculture all depended on availability. In the Fertile Crescent, a variety of plants and animals were available for domestication. But in the Mesoamerica, only corn/ gamboge was available, but it also lead to the first genetic engineering. More sophisticated tools were invented, and people tried to control nature by the deliberate selection of plants. earthly concern started impacting the environment a lot. Agricultural diffusion occurred, where language and ideas spread to other parts of the world.Overall, the Neolithic Revolution lead to increase in human population, new technologies (pottery, metallurgy, secondary products), new diseases spreading, difficulty to move when something disastrous (crop failures) happens, chiefdoms, and settlements. The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was when Homo sapiens became humans. It was the base of a new era, the industrial Era, which is when humans dominate the world for good or for bad. But it all certainly started when humans first started using tools, and started farming all over the world.

Unchopping a Tree Summary

SUMMARY OF UNCHOPPING A TREE by William Stanley Merwin Merwins Unchopping a Tree is a adjective essay as we can infer from the title alone. Here, Merwin describes what it takes for one to put together again a tree that has been cut down. Note that the author is real accurate in his rates so as to ensure that the tree will be exactly what it was when the rebuilding is done. According to Merwin, we have to start with the abjure sand all others that belong to the trees crowning glory.They have to be put back exactly the way they used to be. Everything that used to be there has to be there againexactly the way it was. Next in line is the trunk. Everything has to fit like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. There must(prenominal) not be a single misplaced splinter. The next thing to do is to raise the trunk and place it on the stump. This, he says, is no meek enterprise because you have to use the proper fixative and that is difficult since, as he says, again we have no duplicate for the original substance.Now for the last stepwe lower the splintered trunk unto the stump. Here, you have to gather the chips and sawdust and they must be returned to their former positions. Another problem is presented in this last stepbark sawdust decomposes very rapidly if exposed to the elements. Once that problem is dealt with, you now have to find a translucent adhesive that is not so rigid. So your tree is now erected just is still held upright by the support of the scaffolding.And you take a restless night. In the morning, you remove the scaffolding. You cross your fingers in hope that the gentle breeze wont push the tree over and thats all you can do. And there we can conclude that a tree is really difficult to unchop. But, whitethorn I ask, why do we easily take down trees? Would we still find it easy to chop a lot of trees down once wed experience unchopping just one tree?

Principles Of Personal Development Essay

1.1 explicate what reflective practice isIt means focusing on how we interact with others. thinking about how we could have done things differently, in a fracture way. This allows us to improve the action we take.1.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice in incessantly improve the quality of service providedsee moreexplain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social careIt helps us to get by what we do well so we can use these skills in other situations. It also helps to learn from our mistakes and to plan for future situation where we can respond better to changes.1.3 Explain how standards inform reflective practice in adult social careBy being fully aware of the standards we know exactly what to do in certain situations which also gives an opportunity to be ever updated. Following the standards ensures to carry out work in the most professional way.1.4 Describe how cause values, belief systems and experiences may affect working practiceMy own values and belief may have a great impact on my work. It is always good to be open minded and most importantly respect other peoples opinion. Just because we have our own values, does not mean it is the right one. endlessly listen to the service user. If you think differently, you can always explain it in a polite way.2.1 Explain how people may react and respond to receiving formative feedbackIt can be up massting when areas which need improvement are identified. If you get the feedback in a positive manner consequently you are more apt(predicate) to accept itand work harder to improve them.2.2 Explain the importance of seeking feedback to improve practice and inform developmentSeeking feedback gives you an idea on what to improve. If you accept it then you can be motivated and more focused on it. It helps you to differentiate your strengths and weaknesses which could be really difficult. It encourages you to perform better.2.3 Explain the importance of using feedback in improving own pr acticeIt helps you to identify the cultivation needs you might require and to correct mistakes. After you have done everything to improve on the areas where improvement was required, you go out feel confident in your work environment.3.1 Describe the components of a personal development planPersonal development plan is a tool to set a plan which helps creating self awareness and it provide lead to achieve your goals.ComponentsObjectives what do I want to be able to do better?Actions what methods will I use to achieve the objectives?Success criteria how will I measure my improvement?Achievement date when do I expect to achieve my objectives? writ of execution how will I practise and apply what I have learned?3.2 Identify sources of support for planning and reviewing own developmentWe have got an appraisal/ management system at our workplace but other sources can beTeam meetings and discussionsWorking alongside with colleagues and other professionalsTrainingsAsking question fr om colleagues and other professionals3.3 Explain the role of others in the development of a personal development plan in identifyinga) Strengthsb) Areas for developmentThe supervisors role is to support and advise you in your work and to shambling sure that you know and understand your rights and responsibilities. A personal development plan identifies your training and development needs. Because the plan is updated when you have taken part in training and development, it also provides a record of participation. There is no single right way to prepare a personal development plan. There are kitty of different models and styles. What matters is what is in the plan It should includedifferent development areasthe goals or targets you have seta timescale for achieving these goals or targets3.4 Explain the benefits of using a personal development plan to identify ongoing improvements in knowledge and understandingThe personal development plan gives you an overview of what you have accom plished but also allows you to identify areas that still need improvement. Because things are always changing with Health and Social Care your training and development needs have to be continuous so your skills and abilities are always up to date.

Case StudyCredit Essay

IntroductionIn the case study honesty testing at the Carter Cleaning Company, in that respect are issues of theft. They find themselves struggling with the processes of screening for honest hardworking employees. The owners, Jennifer and her father, are looking for a way to minimize the employee turnover and much so is theft prone.Questions and Answers to the QuestionsWhat would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifers company of routinely administering honesty tests to all its employees? According to Dessler (2008), some advantages are that honesty tests are designed to augur job applicators proneness to dishonesty and other forms counterproductivity. Most of the tests measure attitudes regarding things like tolerance of others who steal, acceptance of rationalizations for theft, and admission of theft-related activities (p. 236). These types of test prove to have minimal efficacious risk to employers (p.237). Specifically, what other screening techniques could the comp any use to screen out theft-prone and turnover-prone employees, and how exactly could these be used? Dessler mentions the use of background checks such as support a potential candidates former employer is a way to clear a candidate by knowing about their work ethics. another(prenominal) way would be through assurance reports. These types of reports show a potential candidates credit standing, indebtedness, reputation, character, and lifestyles (p. 230). How should her company terminate employees caught stealing, and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for jobs?Employees should be terminated immediately. In order to help other companies, there should be a procedure such as writing everything down or making notes in the employees folder for all future references. succeeding(a)employees would be advised of such procedure during the interviewing process. Fine (2013) states Once the right te st has been chosen, and with the organizations objectives still in mind, the next step is to strategically position the test within the recruitment process for maximal effectiveness (p. 42).SummaryAs seen in the case of the Carter Cleaning Company, employee turnover is a problem. In order to minimize such problems there needs to be an effective hiring procedure. Dessler speaks of antitheft screening procedure. They are asking direct question during face-to-face interviews, listen to applicant and do less talking (this will allow the applicant to speak freely and through this they may speak more truthfully), do a credit check, check all employment and personal references, use paper-and-pencil honesty tests and psychological tests, test for drugs, and establish a search-and-seizure policy and conduct searches (p. 237).ReferenceDessler, G. (2008). Human vision Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson Prentice Hall. Fine, S. (2013). Practical Guidelines for Implementing Preemploymen t Integrity Tests. Public Personnel Management, 42(2), 281-292. doi10.1177/0091026013487049. Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & de Vries, R. E. (2005). Predicting Workplace Delinquency and Integrity with the HEXACO and Five-Factor Models of Personality Structure. Human Performance, 18(2), 179-197. doi10.1207/s15327043hup1802_4.

Junk Food Essay

Basically, its anything that is high in calories but lacking in nutrition. Hamburgers, chips, drinking chocolate bars and hot dogs fall in this category. Pizzas, although they can have vegetable and cheese toppings, argon also included as they contain a contend of fat. Obviously, a forage of junk food is not the best thing for your health, particularly as it is highly saturated fat. In 1993, the Journal of the National malignant neoplastic disease Institute reported this type of fat to be associated with greater risk of cancer.Apart from the risk of cancer, another side effect of consuming highly fatten junk food is that you are likely to gain weight. This is especially true because you tend to eat more, as junk food is less satisfying and freeze off in vital nutrients than healthier food. The best advice, then, for those who cannot live without their hamburgers or chocolate bars, is to limit the amount of junk food they eat. Another alarming thing just about peoples lifestyle t oday is that while the amount of junk food we eat has increased, the amount of exercise we do has actually decreased.Exercise plays an classical part in keeping the body fit and healthy it helps to control our weight and, if taken habituely, can also decrease our chances of having a heart polish in later life. What is more, you dont have to exercise oftentimes to gain visible benefits. Twenty minutes three times a calendar week is all that is necessary. Even though people nowadays are actually far more aware of the importance of exercise and a healthy diet then they were a few years ago.The new unhealthy way of life is surprisingly popular. Recent research has shown that young French people, who prefer burgers and chips to abounding gourmet dishes, tend to become overweight. Weight gained in adolescence is extremely hard to lose in later life, so researchers are predicting that the new French generations are not going to be admired for their slim figures as the French have tra ditionally been. Researchers suggest that the new generation will be much more likely to suffer from heart and liver disease.What cant be emphasized enough is the fact that a balanced diet and regular exercise bring significant health benefits. You can gain anything from glowing skin to an all-round feeling of good health. One way or another, the Brobdingnagian majority of people seem to be missing out on this, due mainly to the pressures of modern life. Ironically, if they were to make time to exercise and improve their feeding habits, they would probably find that they were far better equipped to deal with their stressful lifestyles than they are now.

4G WIRELESS TECNOLOGY

4G WIRELESS TECNOLOGY Abstract Today is the day of internet. In most field receiving set system is very widely used. Currently a number of technologies like1G,2G,2. 5G,3G etc A new technology is introduced which is called as 4G technology. Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide expanse coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency. entropy rate of 20mbps is employed.Mobile speed will be up to200km/hr. The high performance is achieved by the use of commodious term channel in both time termchannel in both time and frequency , plan among users and ache antennas combined with adaptive modulation and power control. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to admission cell anywhere. It uses OFDM (ortogonal frequency divisional multiplexing) and Ultra Wide Radio Band(UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. G uses a multi network functional devic e software which is very helpful for multiple user. Advantages -support for interactive multimedia, voice, be adrift video, Internet, and other broadband services -IP based mobile system-High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit. -global access, service portability, and climbable mobile services -Seamless switching and a variety of Quality of -Better spectral efficiency.Service driven services. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques Disadvantages -Expensive and hard to implement -bettery usage is more -needs complex hardware closedown There is a need for next generation of wireless technology i. e. 4G which will be a platform for seamless technology providing widespread coverage ,band width and power consumption with higher info rates . .

Dental Hygiene Research Essay

I.Introduction- Dental hygienists can be found in a variety of oeuvre settings, but Usually they work in private dental consonant consonant offices.II.1st body paragraph Overview What exactly does a Dental Hygienist do and why is it important? A.1st divide Supporting details They remove hard and demulcent deposits on teeth Take and develop x-rays, make impressions for casts B.1st split up Supporting Details Teach patients proper technique and strategies for good overall oral health. C.The American Heart Association researchers shared findings that professional dental care can reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. D.1st Paragraph Supporting Details former(a) similar jobs are Dentist and Dental assistant. III.2nd body paragraph Overview Specific requirements and education needed to rick a dental hygienist.A.2nd Paragraph Supporting Details Each state has its own educational requirements. B.2nd Paragraph Supporting DetailsA minimum of an associates degree in dental hy giene is needed to enter the occupation. C.Majority of college programs take at least 2 years to complete. D.A bachelors or masters degree is required for teaching, research, or practice in public or school health programs. E.Areas of canvass are anatomy, physiology, radiography, and periodontology.IV.3rd body paragraph Overview Advantages and disadvantages of the dental hygiene profession. A.3rd Paragraph Supporting Details- Personal satisfaction from destiny all types of people. B.3rd Paragraph Supporting Details Because of education and training, they are valuable members of the oral healthcare team. C.3rd Paragraph Supporting Details Flexible scheduling. Full-time and part-time options are usually available. More than half of dental hygienists work part time allowing them to sometimes work for more than virtuoso employer. D.3rd Paragraph Supporting Details Great demand for dental hygienists so employment opportunities are going to be available good into the future.V.Conclusi on While cleaning teeth is one of the skills a dental hygienist has been trained to do, its only one of the many

Visitor Motivations to Attend Events

Table of contents Introduction1 Food and vino feast2 brag issuance3 Music fete5 pagan issuances6 Analysis of motive8 Common indigence calculates8 grotesque demand figures9 Need for organiser9 terminal10 Bibliography11 visitant Motivations to aid Events Introduction Motivation is the force. Pinder, cited in Gallstedt (2003), defines pauperization as a set of energetic forces that originate two within as well as beyond an individuals being to initiate work- link up deportments, and to fructify its form, direction, intensity, and duration (Gallstedt, 2003).Mullins (2008) describes motivating as this force which drives any person to show a specific behaviour towards any condition or situation or things. There ar main(prenominal)ly two unalike natures of motivation one is come from persons intrinsic desire to do action. It is always self-applied and self accomplishment in individual. This kind of motivation is referring to the intrinsic motivation (Bratton et. al, 2010). While we discuss or so the motivation of effect visitant it alike fall on this types of motivation visitor insure in the suit to litigate their personal desire.But in that respect atomic number 18 disparate factors of motivation which fulfil visitors desire. In the other pass on extrinsic motivation works on away level of individuals. Every individual have prognosis of external tangible outcomes like financial rewards, bonus, pay increase, profit sh argon, and promotion in their job (Bratton et. al, 2010). The fiesta and examples have extensively increased in number. Along with that its visitor in addition increased (Lee, 2000). Now a old age topics and festivals giving economy support to the hosting community or party. Its becoming an definitive tool for nurture for the community.Every year festivals and events are popular and visitor travel a long journey to participate. There are antithetic kinds of events and festivals for example sports, Cultural , touristry, Music, Religious. Visitors of the events and festivals have their own purpose to attend on it. Each single visitor has motivation to attend on any kinds of events. In other words visitors motivations to attend events and festivals are different. We shag amaze visitor with different motivation in the corresponding event. There are also whatsoever common motivational factors for visitors to attend different kinds of event above mention. e thither are about common motivational factor in different kinds of events and different motivation factor in same event. There are slightly unique motivational factors for or so events which we pukenot reveal in other events. hither we are going to discuss about the common motivation factors of different kinds of festivals as Food festival, diversion festival practice of medicine festival and heathenish festival and their unique motivation factor in for each one kinds of festival. Food and wine festival Food and wine festi vals have becoming an essential part of the fussy festival. It also an attracter points of tourist.Many tourists attend feed or wine festivals to taste foods and wine. They experience particular(a) types of food and wine from these kinds of festivals (Hall Mitchell, 2001) . As it is one of the important tourism activities Food and Wine festivals targeted to the tourist from international and local as well (Chang, 2011), (Chartersa Ali-Knightb, 2002). Chang 2011 memorise on the visitors motivation to attend a food festival in the Old town Spring SpringFest which is a regional food festival in Old Town organized every year in March. The town located 20 miles north of Houston, Texas. Old town is a historic 1900s railroad town.He studied the motivation of the visitor in 10,000 populations which is the number of visitors in the festival every year. After excogitate of motivation of visitor from different demography like age, gender, marital status, education, income he came with many motivations factors in food festival. The top five dimensions of motivation and to a greater extent other motivation factors are fun, to get out in the open air, heard about festival and it sounded like fun, for variety of things to imagine and do, to have a change from occasional routine. He also found more than activities which motivates visitors to attend in the festival.These are wine, escape, food, known group friendlyization, external acculturation, art etc. Kwang-Soo, Park Yvette Reisinger Hyun-Jung Kang studied to identify the major(ip) factors that motivate visitors in wine and food festival. The objective of this chew over was to identify the major factors that move visitors to attend the southeasterlyerly Beach Wine and Food Festival in Miami Beach, Florida, and determine whether these factors varied among the visitors from the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, and Asia. They survey on 475 visitors to South Florida. In this study Forty-four motivational items were analyzed.The top about motivational factors were the desire to taste new wine and food, enjoy the event, enhance social status, escape from routine life, carry through new people, spend time with family, and get to know the celebrity chefs and wine experts. Yuan et. al (2004) were also done one research on visitor motivation on wine festival and close up that most important single reason for visiting festival was wine interrogation. According to their study, education and reading about wine, meeting the wine snitchr, socialising and having a day out and entertainment were reasons for their attending at the festival (Yuan et. l, 2004). From above studies we can understand some important motivational factors of food and wine festivals which are testing food and wine, friendship about food and wine, socialization, fun, family togetherness, escape, change from daily routine etc. sportsman event Sport events help to generate revenue. Sports events represen t a major area of event revenue alter economic benefits to cities and regions. Whilst explain that attendance at sports events is recognised as an important leisure and entertainment activeness (Shamir Ruskin, 1984).Funk describe that visitors desire to watch sport event occurs within five stages which are shoot recognition, accent reduction , drive state, want pathway, and goal behaviour. Here this needs illustrates how a need recognised fulfil by exploreing way that satisfy the need and received benefit from them (Funk, 2008). John Hall, Barry OMahony and Julian Vieceli (2010) study about the motivation of the visitor in sport event . Their study identifies the antecedents of sports event attendance among 460 respondents who were surveyed in Melbourne. Their study was related to the motivational factor for the sport.They combined the motives of visitor in septenary different dimensions as entertainment emotional arousal, back room, true fan, front room, event and social facto r thither are fun, excitement, the arousal, friend and family. They found that financial and economical condition also influence to the motivation. Price of tickets or perceived value of the sport product are fall into encloseled factor which can controlled still the comely income of the population and economic condition of the coun purify are fall into uncontrolled factor which cannot controlled by event organiser.There are also some factors which called front room and back room factor. Back room factor are factors amenable to management control that contributes to the overall experience this includes parking, ease of getting a berth and stadium accessibility. Front room factor Facilities or elements of the event experience that are under the control of management. These front room factors relate to factors, which could be said to directly influence the spectators employment of the event experience, which include alcohol and smoke free zones. True fan factor Attendees for whom the enjoyment of the spunky itself is most important.They are interested in the competitive nature of the event, the process the outcomes and the performance of the team or individual that they support. Kevin Filo, Daniel C. Funk and Danny OBrien investigate motivates of the participants attachment to a charity sport event. They come with four findings in which first was hobby of charity giving , second was social, reciprocity, self-esteem, need to help others in which they focused more on the charitable cause. Third group of attendants also motivated by the factors of second group but they are less focused on the charitable cause.Fourth finding of the study was the motives for charitable giving make a stronger contribution to attachment for an event with a more prominent charitable cause, while the deviation motives make a stronger contribution to attachment to an event with a less prominent charitable cause. boilersuit sport events have five to six dimensions of motivation to a ttract its visitors. Socialization, escape, Event attachment, Family and friends etc. furthermore there are some more motivational factors as true fan, drama, etc which we will discuss later. Music Festival Numbers of melodic festival organised every year.According to Bowen, and Daniels (2005) symphony festivals are unique and special event which attract visitor to hear and view the performance (Bowen Daniels, 2005). They had done the research to find more about the motivations for attending a large, multi-day music festival. To find out motivation they conduct interview with visitor on the event site of Celebrate Fairfax, an annual music festival held in Virginia (USA). In the study discrepancy factors of visitors motivations were analyzed by dividing into three categories as Discovery, Music and Enjoyment.Factors included in these three categories were Increase knowledge of local culture, be with people from community, experience new and different things, recovery from hectic pace, listen to music, special appeal , family and friend togetherness, other non musical attraction, and party and have a fun. From the same study they try to find out whether music matters in musical festival or not? In the resoluteness of this question authors conclude that music is important to music festival but there are some visitor for them music is not more important.This study suggested that it is rectify to other non-musical factors in musical festivals. Because musical is no more important for some visitors attend on musical festival. To attract non-musical visitors event need to have some non-musical motivational factors such as socialization, fun and etc. along with musical performance. Gelder and Robinson also agreed with Bowen and Daniels that music festivals need some non-musical experience. When completed the comparative study of visitor motivation for music festival from Glastonbury and V Festival two largest music festivals in UK with 200,000 visitors.They sugg ested to V Festival, that it needs to include non-musical components on it as socialization, fun, and enjoyment (Gelder & robinson, 2009) . Formica and Uysal (1996) were analyzed Twenty-three motivation items including them into five different dimensions of motivation as excitement and thrills, socialization, entertainment, event novelty and family togetherness while comparing festival motivations of residents and non-residents for Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy.As a result they found socialization factor affect to the residential visitor and non residential visitor are motivated from entertainment factor (Formica Uysal, 1996). Cultural events There are different literatures and researches have done on motivation of visitor for cultural festival. In 1996 Schneider and Backman have done one study on motivation of the cultural festival visitor in Jerash Festival for culture and art festival of Jordan. In the study they tried to find out if the motivation factors are applicable for ou tside of North America or not?In that study they analyzed twenty three factors of motivation in five different dimensions as family togetherness/ socialization, social/leisure, festival attributes, escape and event excitement. The result how that in spite of differences in importance of factors of motivations, the scale developed in United State was also reliable to other parts of the world like Arabic unsophisticated and South Korea as well (Schneider & Backman, 1996). Formica and Uysal explored the motivation of visitor for Spoleto Festival, a cultural festival in Italy in 1998.In the study they investigated on twenty-three motivation items with six factors as socialization/entertainment, event attraction/excitement, group togetherness, cultural/historical, family togetherness and &site novelty. In the conclusion of the study they suggest that there are different in motivation between loyal and fair according to their age, income and marital status. (Formica & Uysal, 1998). In 20 00 Lee compared the motivation factors of cultural festival between Caucasian and Asian visitors in the Asian setting of the Kyongju World Cultural Expo.In the expo there are performances from 48 different countries. In his research, he studied on 32 motivation items categorising on seven different dimensions. The seven dimensions which studied by Lee were cultural exploration, family togetherness, escape, novelty, external group socialization, event attractions and known-group socialization. From this study Lee found that the motivation level of Caucasian visitors was slightly racy then of Asian visitors at Kyongju World culture Expo. There was high motivation in regarding to cultural exploration and event attractions for both types of visitors.But the factor family togetherness found little bit weak to motivate in that expo (Lee, 2000). Lee et. al (2004) studied on the festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Purpose of the study was to find out the importance of fest ival foodstuff segmentation based on visitor motivation for promotion of event or festival. To study about segmentation of visitor they select the 2000 Kyongju World Culture Expo organised in Kyongju, South Korea. In the expo over 9000 artists from different countries performed for 87 days between September to November. According to this article More than 1. million visitors visited the expo in 2000. In this study authors identified six motivation dimensions for visitors attending the 2002 World Culture Expo as cultural exploration, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions, and socialization. Among all dimensions cultural exploration found the high portion of motivation in visitors (Lee, Lee, & Wicks, 2004). Analysis of motivation Common motivation factors After reviewing the work of different authors on motivation of events visitor, we can conclude that most of motivation items in every kinds of events are common. e can combine them in five to seven different dimens ions as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty, project and explore culture and Excitement or thrills (Chang, 2011) (Bowen & Daniels, 2005) (Formica & Uysal, 1996). Socialization socialization is a desire to interact with a group and its members. There are two types of socialization internal and external socialization. Internal kernel being with friend or the people already know. External means meeting new people. Family togetherness this is the desire to enhance family relationship.People motivated by this factor attend event to seek the opportunity to be with family, relatives and friends. At the same time they have desire of doing things together. Escape Escape from daily routine and the things which we see or do everyday. It is a Desire to have change in uncouth demands of life, and desire to have some change to minimize the lifes stresses. Learning or exploring cultures learn about or explore other cultures. Visitors motivated with t his factor have a desire to come upon knowledge on different kinds of cultural practices and celebrations. Excitement or thrills desire to do some stimulant drug things.People excited to do these kinds of activities. Event novelty this is the desire to do unique and new things. Every this is related to the curiosity of person. Visitor wants to do new and different things and or attending a festival that is unique. Sourse (Foster & Robinson, 2010) (Bowdin et. al, 2011) Unique motivation factors In spite of common motivation items in every kind of events, there are some unique motivation factors for different events. For example the motivation item food testing is only applicable for food festival. Visitor may not motivate to attend in cultural expo with this motivation.According to Chang (2011) study more then one third visitor of food and wine festivals motivated with food and wine items. They have a desire to test, purchase, being familiar, increase knowledge about the food and wine (Chang, 2011). Sport event have also unique motivation factor called true fan (Hall, OMahony, & Vieceli, 2010). In the words of Allison 2001, True fans stand on terraces, they shout and sing and sometimes fight they talk of the parliamentary procedure as we or us and measure their lives in remembered result they get as much misery as joy from the whole thing (Allison, 2001, p. 51). For true fan attendees for in the event it is most important. Mostly they are interested in competitive nature of events (Hall, OMahony, & Vieceli, 2010). Bowen and Daniels (2005) wrote about the music festival that attract audiences for a variety of reasons but enjoying the artists performance is popular motivational factor for music festival or event (Pagg & Patterson, 2010) Motivation Need to Know by Organiser As a event organiser or animal trainer its important to understand the motives of event visitor.There are different researches, and studies which have suggestions for event managers which make sporting why a manager or an organiser need to know motivation in ordinance to organise events or festivals. Manager need to include more activities that not specifically related to the main Purpose of the event. For example Bowen and Daniels study on the topic Does Music Matter? and come with the result that music is important to music festival but there are some visitors for them music is not more important.So its better to make festival environment where visitor can socialize, fun and some non-musical experience along with music performance (Bowen & Daniels, 2005). Manager need to understand and offer key motives of events. From above study we find some key motives of visitor to attend events. As an event manager understanding of motivational factor is important to design and serve the product according to visitors desire to receive or being served (Gelder & robinson, 2009). It is important for event manager to Analysis of motivations for festival attendance for market s egmentation and effective promotion.Lee suggest manager that for planning events and festival, motivation analysis is important to identify different needs and to segment target markets (Lee, 2000). Conclusion After study of motivations for different kinds of events, here we can combine the common motivation items in some dimension as socialization, family togetherness, novelty, escape, event attractions/ Novelty , learn and explore culture and Excitement or thrills. Which we can say the common factors that attract the visitors to attend for every kinds of events. in spite of this common factor there are some unique motivational item for each events or festival.For event organiser it is important to know the about motivation of event visitor. It helps event manager to design the event, serve the visitors and make better understanding between visitors and organisers. Bibliography Allison, L. (2001). Amateurism in sport an analysis and a defence(Sport in the global society). Great Bri tain Routledge. Aswathappa, K. (2007). homosexual Resource And Personnel Management. New Delhi Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bowdin, G. , Allen, J. , OToole, W. , Harris, R. , McDonnell, I. (2011). Events Management (3 rd ed. ). Great Britain Elsevier Ltd.Bowen, H. E. , Daniels, M. J. (2005). Does the music matter? Motivations for attending a music festival. Event Management , 9, 155164. Bratton, J. , Forshaw, C. , Callinan, M. , Sawchuk, P. (2010). Work and Organizational Behaviour Understanding the Workplace. Palgrave Macmillan. Chang, W. (2011). A teste of tourism Visitors, motivations to attend a food festival . Event Management , 15, 151161. Chartersa, S. , Ali-Knightb, J. (2002). Who is the wine tourist? touristry Management , 23 (3), 311319. Filo, K. , Funk, D. C. , OBrien, D. (2011).Examining Motivation for Charity Sport EventParticipation A Comparison of Recreation-Basedand Charity-Based Motives. Journal of Leisure Research , 43, 491-518. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (199 6). A market Segmentation of festival visitor Umbria Jazz Festival in Italy, . Festival Management and Event Tourism , 3 (4), 175-181. Formica, S. , & Uysal, M. (1998). Market Segmentation of an International Cultural-Historical Event in Italy. Journal of Travel Research , 36, 16-24. Foster, K. , & Robinson, P. (2010). A Critical Analysis of the Motivational Factors That Influence EventAttendance in Family Groups. Event Management , 14, 107125. Funk, D. C. (2008). Consumer Behaviour in Sport and EventsMarketing Action. ElsevierLtd. Gelder, G. , & robinson, P. (2009). A critical comparative study of visitor motivation for attending music festivals A case study of Glastonbury and V festival. Event Management , 13, 181-196. Gorman, P. (2004). Motivation and emotion. Routledge. Hall, C. , & Mitchell, R. (2001). Special interest tourism mount and cases. In N. Douglas. N Douglas & R Derrett (Eds. ). Wine and food tourism , 307-329. Hall, J. OMahony, B. , & Vieceli, J. (2010). An empirica l model of attendance factors at major sporting events. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 29, 328334. HIXSON, E. J. , MCCABE, S. V. , & BROWN, G. (2011). EVENT ATTENDANCE motivation AND PLACE ATTACHMENT AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF YOUNG RESIDENTS IN ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Event Management , 15, 233-243. Lee, C. -K. (2000). A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting. Tourism Management , 21, 169-176. Lee, C. -K. , Lee, Y. -K. , & Wicks, B. E. (2004).Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Tourism Management , 25, 61-70. Pagg, S. , & Patterson, I. (2010). Rethinking Music Festivals as a ordered EventGaining Insights from Understanding VisitorMotivations and the Experiences They Seek. Journal of Convention & Event Tourism , 11, 8599,. Park, K. -S. , Reisinger, Y. , & Kang, H. -J. (2008). Visitors Motivation for attending the south beach wine and food festival, Miami Beach Florida. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing , 25 (2), 161-181. Schneider, I. E. , Backman, S.J. (1996). cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations a study in Jordan. Festival Management and Event Tourism , 4 (4), 139-144. Shamir, B. , Ruskin, H. (1984). Sport Participation vs. Sport Spectatorship Two Modes of Leisure Behavior. Journal of Leisure research , 16 (1), 9-21. Wamwara-Mbugua, L. W. , Cornwell, T. B. (2010). Visitor motivation to attending international festivals . Event Management , 13, 277-286. Wann, D. L. , Grieve, F. G. , Zapalac, R. K. , Pease, D. G. (2008). Motivational Profiles of Sport Fansof Different Sports.Sport Marheting Quarterly , 17, 6-19. Won, J. -u. , Kitamura, K. (2007). comparative Analysis of Sport Consumer Motivations between South Korea and Japan. Sport MarHeting Quarterly , 16, 93-105. Working conditions in projects perceptions of stress and motivation among project team members and project managers2003International Journal of Project Management 21449-455 Yuan, J. (. , Cai, L. A. , Morrison, A. M. , Linton, s. (2004). An analysis of wine festival attendees motivationsA synergy of wine, travel and special event. Journal of vacation marketing , 11 (4), 41-58.