Dehydration Reaction Definition in Chemistry

A dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction between two compounds where one of the products is water. For example, two monomers may react where a hydrogen (H) from one monomer binds to a hydroxyl group (OH) from the other monomer to form a dimer and a water molecule (H2O). The hydroxyl group is a poor leaving group, so Bronsted acid catalysts may be used to help to protonate the hydroxyl to form -OH2. The reverse reaction, where water combines with hydroxyl groups, is termed hydrolysis or a hydration reaction. Chemicals commonly used as dehydrating agents include concentrated phosphoric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, hot ceramic and hot aluminum oxide. A dehydration reaction is the same as a dehydration synthesis.  A dehydration reaction may also be known as a  condensation reaction, but more properly, a dehydration reaction is a specific type of condensation reaction. Dehydration Reaction Examples Reactions that produce acid anhydrides are dehydration reactions. For example acetic acid (CH3COOH) forms acetic anhydride ((CH3CO)2O) and water by the dehydration reaction2 CH3COOH → (CH3CO)2O H2ODehydration reactions are also involved in the production of many polymers. Other examples include: Conversion of alcohols to ethers (2 R-OH → R-O-R H2O)Conversion of alcohols to alkenes (R-CH2-CHOH-R → R-CHCH-R H2O)Conversion of amides to nitriles (RCONH2  Ã¢â€ â€™ R-CN H2O)Dienol benzene rearrangementthe reaction of sucrose with concentrated sulfuric acid (a popular chemistry demonstration)

Advertisements are not Legal Agreements Essay - 923 Words

Abstract This paper examines the elements of a legal contract and how advertisements are not viewed as legal contracts in most cases. It will review the case of Leonard vs. Pepsico to determine what happens when an advertisement is viewed as a valid offer and responded to with such view. How rewards and auctions are viewed in legal terms. Finally, how this applies to the creative idea to boost tourism by auctioning Bigtown on eBay. Elements of a Legal Contract In order to have a contract that is legally binding, it must be valid and involves at least two parties. They are the offeror, the party making the offer, and the offeree, the party accepting the offer. A contract exists only if the offer is made and accepted. It must be clear and†¦show more content†¦The third element involves contractual capacity. Capacity involves whether the parties are able by law to enter into a contract. Minors, mentally impaired people, and intoxicated people are not legally able to enter into a contract. This is due to the incapacity of the person or persons involved to completely understand the terms. It is therefore not legal and no contract exists. If a party enters into a contract against their will, this is called duress and is not legal (Cheeseman, 2006). The fourth element of a valid contract is lawful object. Every part of the contract must be lawful. If any part of it is unlawful, the contract is void and unenforceable. For instance, if one party offers another party a certain sum of money to buy alcohol for a minor, since it is unlawful to do so, the contract is void and unenforceable. Another thing is if the money offered has been secured by illegal means, this too voids the contract and deems it unenforceable (Cheeseman, 2006). The objective theory of contracts determines the intent of a person to enter a contract. If a reasonable person in the same circumstances concludes that both parties intended to be legally bound by the contract, it is deemed a legal contract. However, a statement made in anger, undue excitement or jest does not qualify as intent. Additionally, an inquiry into the possibility of entering a contract such as, Are youShow MoreRelatedAcceptance Of A Valid Contract Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesFor acceptance in a valid contract it is necessary to state the terms in a clear and direct matter. After both parties are in agreement to the terms of the contract it is clearly understood among the parties that the contract is confirmed with full acceptance of the offer. The acceptance can be confirmed in various ways in order for there to be no uncertainty or room for doubt (U.S.Legal, 2011). A few ways an offer is accepted is verbally face to face, through electronic means such as a text, email Read MoreThe Contract Between Tony And Emma Under Contract Law Essay754 Words   |  4 PagesEmma under contract law? A contract is an agreement made with an intention of legal rights and obligations which the law will enforce. 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It has to be distinguished between an advertisement which constitutes an offer or an invitation to treat. An advertisement may be considered an offer if it is clear, precise, definite and leaves nothing open for negotiation. This was established by Leftkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Store involving a case of the sale of two mink scarvesRead MoreQuestion Questions On Mere Puff 1550 Words   |  7 PagesWould Sasha succeed in a claim to make Vladimir bound by the advertisement on the Notice Board? Rule: A. This question is about mere puff and invitation to treat. B. Mere puff is an exaggerated advertisement which made by offeror, but not an offer. C. Invitation to treat just shows there is a business, but not an offer. Application: In this case, Sasha wanted to rent Vladimir’s vacant shop to sell her dresses after reading the advertisement that the rental included electricity. However, Vladimir refusedRead MoreLegal Ramnifications Evaluation1747 Words   |  7 Pageshave evaluated and re-evaluated the various legal ramifications, along with the positives and the negatives that would be involved with the potential advertising campaign of auctioning off ANYTOWN ON EBay. Executive Summary (used in place of an Abstract) In this paper the author is going to explain the valid legal elements of contracts. She is going to define the objective theory of contracts. In this paper advertisements and there legalities will be touched uponRead MoreEnglish Law Of Contract Allen And Overy1463 Words   |  6 Pagescontract as â€Å"an agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law.† In common law, a contract is formed when three basic requirements are met, namely: (i) Agreement; (ii) Contractual intention; and (iii) Consideration. These 3 are the essential ingredients of a valid contract. Agreement has to do with offer and acceptance. 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A contract is an agreement between Abigail and all the three parties that are involved in the case. There are Barney, Cathy and Ernest that are involved in the agreeing to buy the â€Å"valuable collection of movie memorabilia† which is not possible in all cases in the law of contract. This means the agreement must be recognized by the court. This question requires

Strategic Leadership and Change Management-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Using Case-Study Critically evaluate Strategic Leadership and the Empowerment of other leaders within an Organisation to lead and implement change. Answer: The following essay will analyze two important elements in every organization, leadership, strategic and strategic leadership, the interaction in them and how they influence in outcomes of organizations. This paper will cite different studies and journals to support the ideas referents to this topic. Firstly this article will discuss on leadership to understand why this culture of motivation and influence has turned out to be so important for nowadays organizations. The second point is the strategic leader, and the term strategic leader is defined as using strategy in the management of employees. Also, is discussed potential to influence organizational members and to execute organizational change. Strategic leaders, allocate resources, express strategic vision and create an organizational structure. Strategic leaders work in an environment that is ambiguous on challenging issues that influence by occasions and organizations external to their own. Empirical evidence supports the significance of the role of leaders in the implementation procedure. Surgical of studies teams have show that effective leadership can set the phase for active team psychological safety and functioning and inclusion that facilitates sustainment of innovative health care procedures and effective implementation. One mixed strategy randomized trial found that organizational management processes and relations-oriented leadership such as reminders /feedback and auditing supported evidence-based guideline use. Although varying conceptualizations of leadership were used in these studies, the Full-Range Leadership (FRL) displays some leadership styles summoned in these studies, including attending to connections and attention regarding performance standards. Although some of these studies included multiple leadership levels, several focused particularly on first-level leadership, as does the current research. The ultimate objective of change management is to drive hierarchical outcomes and results by inspiring and engaging employees their adoption of another method of working. Whether it is a system, process, organizational structure change or job role, a project is fruitful if individual employees change their day to day behaviors and start doing their employments in a new way. An entire system of people in the organization support workers in making this transition. From the highest levels of leadership to forefront supervisors, managing change well depends on a coordination of performers all moving as one and fulfilling unique roles. The first phase in yourStakeholder Analysisis toconceptualizewho your partners are. As part of this, think about the people who are affected by your work, which have impact or power over it, or have an interest for its effective or unsuccessful conclusion. According to Lewis case study, leadership type is vital in change process of hierarchical change. Transactional leaders have involved punishments and in rewards with workers to support the execution of organization as studied by Cameron et al. (2015) and transformational leaders are inspirational, individualized considerations, charismatic and intellectual as stated in Cameron et al. (2015). This kind of leadership identifies the stakeholders for the change process. The stakeholders can support change and make wide based support to maximize the risk of success and limit the possibility of resistance in change process by asking who stands to lose or gain from the change and this will build a relationship for creating the beneficial influence (Goetsch Davis, 2014). The partners use three strategies for motivation in the change process, going around the formal system, playing it straight and utilizing social networks (as cited in Goetsch et al. 2014). Levys challenge was threefold to give remaining workers time to grieve and recover from cutbacks furthermore tough measures to make them feel that he cared for and supported them, and to guarantee that the turnaround plan proceeded apace. The process relied on mutual trust and employees desire to succeed. There are many different change management models some of which are Lewin's Change Management Model, Kotter's Eight Step Change Model, and 7-S Model. There are numerous differences to each of these models that can be seen and there are also many similarities between the three models. The McKinsey 7-S Model was created by Robert Waterman and Tom Peters while they were working for McKinsey and Company and by Anthony Athos and Richard Pascale at a meeting in 1978. The McKinsey 7-S model is a comprehensive way to deal with the organization, which collectively decides how the organization will operate seven unique factors are a part of the model: strategy, systems, shared values, structure, staff, skills and style which all work collectively to form the model. Shared values are the centre of the model since it is what the organization stands for and believes in, for example, the mission of the company. The strategy represents what the company plans to do react to any changes in its extern al surroundings (as cited in Goetsch et al. 2014). The structure refers to the hierarchical structure of the organization. Systems are the portion of the model that represents the processes, routines, and procedures that portray how the work ought to be done. The staff is obvious in the way that it is an appropriate representation of who is employed by the company and what they do inside the organization, Style signifies the management styles and organizational culture that are used inside the organization and skills demonstrate the competencies and abilities of either the workers or the organization holistically. In the 1950s Lewin's Change Management Model was created by a psychologist named Kurt Lewin. Lewin recognized three phases of change, which is still generally utilized today: refreeze, unfreeze and transition. The majority of an individual tends to remain within certain safe zones and is reluctant of change (as cited in Goetsch et al.2014). To overcome this frozen state, one must start an unfreeze period, done through motivation. Motivation is critical in any organization, notwithstanding when it is not evolving. This is when leadership is essential for the change process to work. Another vital part of this stage is the reassurance that this is useful for the company and to the employees as well. After the transitional voyage, comes the following step: refreeze. This is the phase where the company once again becomes stable. Goetsch et al. (2014) reviewed the core of change management lays the change issue. That is, for some future state to be understood some current state should be l eft behind and some organized, organized process for getting from one to alternative needs to exist. Kotter's Eight Step Change Model, are One: Increase urgency for change, Two: Build a team for the change, Three: Construct the vision, Four: Communicate, Five: Empower, Six: Create short term goals, Seven: Be persistent, Eight: Make the change permanent (Chapman, 2016). The initial step is to create urgency for change. This implies that we have to convince the workers that this change is vital for the company to survive. This also means that we should communicate that the change is achievable with no adverse effects on their jobs. The third step is to create build the vision, which will indicate a clear direction on how the subsidized will better the future of the organization and their jobs. The fourth step by Kotter is to communicate this vision. For the idea to work, it must be completely comprehended by the employees, which implies that it is important for the leaders of the change group to take after this vision studied by Harkiolakis et al. (2017). The fifth step it to engage the employees to execute the change by creating short term objectives, we help the employees to acknowledge the change by showing them progress. Rewards are imperative at this step also. The seventh step is about perseverance since we should impact more change after the short term are met, or original plan for change will stop and die (as cited in Kickert et al. 2014). The last step is to make the change permanent by movin g fitting it into the organization's way of life and practices, for example, promotion studied by Voet et al. 2014). The communication strategies used by Levy to connect with the stakeholders of an organization at a key level was choices from Levy's email correspondence, internal reports, blog, meetings, hotel website, and memoranda. The most imperative particular device used was Levy's blog. Through this instinctive media, Levy had adequately fabricated numerous solid relationships with staff, patients, reporters, and people in general, a significantly preferred standpoint for the CEO; it was substantially simpler for Levy to take part in genuine and open communication with a more accepting audience. Levy would discuss specifically with employees through email instead of through mediators. The direct, open tone of the email reminder flagged precisely how Levy's management style would differ from that of his antecedents. Conclusion Finally, I find that management and leadership both have their places, yet leadership is superior in many aspects. Voet says, good management is critical, but great leadership is basic. Leadership is superior in motivating the individual to work as followers work since they trust their leader and buy into his or her vision, while managers use their power to order members to finish tasks. Leadership is superior in regards to business philosophy and strategy. Leaders are always looking for better and more efficient ways to improve the business, where managers are happy with the status quo, and attempt to provide stability and consistency in everyday operation. References Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools, and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Halkias, D., Santora, J. C., Harkiolakis, N. (Eds.). (2017).Leadership and change management: A cross-cultural perspective. Taylor Francis. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Lee, S. J., . (2013). Leadership and change management. Van der Voet, J. (2014). The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal,32(3), 373-382.

The Complex Care priorities Free Sample for Student

Question: Discuss about the Complex Care Priorities. Answer: Introduction Michael is a patient who suffered from diabetes 2, and also he is obese with a weight of 165kgs and BMI of 56.09m2 which are the risk to his health, he is also facing depression which is contributed by the state if his health (Misra, Bhardwaj, 2014)). Michael also has got hypertension, and his social history is worrying since he no longer feels to be part of the society. His medical condition is complex, and he needs care priorities to be handled so that it could give him a better state of health. The essay will address the scenario of Michael Anderson where it will discuss weight management and social isolation as complex care priorities Complex care priorities The complex care priorities identified is weight management and social isolation. His weight of 165kg is an issue which should be addressed to save the condition (Handelsman, et al., 2015). It might give him further complications its management will assist him to reduce these risk also will improve his social relationship. Also, social isolation forms another complex care priority. Michael feels isolated from the rest of society due to his conditions, and it is crucial to attend these issues so that it assists him to manage risks such as weight and depression (Franz et al., 2015). The mentioned conditions will be essential to harmonize diabetes and the social part of life where he is feeling uncomfortable to live Weight management The objectives of treatment for overweight and obese individuals having diabetes are to attain most favorable glycemic and metabolic control primarily via health behavior involvement. Achieving and managing a fit body weight as well as controlling weight recovery are the short and long-term objectives (Inzucchi, et al., 2015). Diabetic and obese individuals have bigger complexity with weight loss in comparison to obese people devoid of diabetes Behavioral therapy, Physical and diet Behavioral therapy, Physical and diet are planned to assist Michael to attain 5% of weight loss ought to be prescribed for him. These particular interventions comprise of sixteen lessons within a period of six months. The primarily focus on physical activities such as gym, joking and running, correct diet and behavioral plans which will attain 500-750 kcal loss per day (Johns et al., 2014). In case if Michael if Michael will be an individual who attains short-range weight loss objectives, he should be prescribed for comprehensive weight maintenance program which is meant to offer not less than a month contact and motivate routine checks of the weight of the body either more frequently or even weekly. There should be continued taking of low-calorie diet and also he should engage in physical activities for instance 200 to 300 minutes in a week in order to achieve more than 5% weight loss. Michael also should be prescribed to short-term high-intensity interventions which employ low-calorie diets; less or equal to 800kcal per day with very close monitoring. However, he should be incorporated with long-term comprehensive maintenance counseling. Weight-loss diets ought to be well balanced and nutritionally enough to make sure extra protein synthesis as well as muscle wasting and to keep away from significant changes in the steadiness of fluid and ketosis (Johns et al., 2014). Foods with lots of -fiber are linked to much satiety. Sufficient protein consumption is necessary to uphold incline body mass as well as some additional indispensable physiological approaches. Minimized consumption of inundated fat as well as energy-saturated diet ought to be emphasized. However, very-low-calorie foods with less than nine hundred kcal per day are not recommended for him, unless in medical supervision. Because Michael is suffering from obesity and diabetes 2, the lifestyle changes which lead to modes and sustained loss in weight offer meaningful reductions in the blood glucose and triglycerides. Achievement of greater weight loss offers better advantages such as reduction in blood pressure, HDL, and LDL cholesterol will improve (Powers et al., 2017). Lifestyle interventions For anyone to lose weight, lifestyle strategies can be employed to attain energy deficit of 500 to 750 kcal per day. On the other hand provision of 1500 to 1800 kcal per day for men can be changed on personal baseline body weight. The advantages can be observed with at least five percent weight loss, but the continual weight loss of 7 per cent is most favorable (Dunkley et al., 2014). The kind of diet meant for Michael can differ on the restrictions of the diet. For instance high carbohydrate foods and fat foods but on the other hand, they are very crucial if they develop needed energy deficit. However, the choices of the diet have to be based on the health condition of the patient and also his preferences. The intensive behavioral lifestyle interventions encompass more than or equal to sixteen within a period of six months sessions Pharmacotherapy When choosing glucose lowering medication for obese or overweight individuals, the implications on the weight should be considered. It is wise to reduce the medications for comorbid state linked to gain in weight (Campbell, 2014). The medication on weight loss can be successful as adjuncts to physical actions, diet and behavioral psychotherapy for Michael. The significant advantages ought to be weighed alongside the critical threats of the offered treatments. If Michael reaction to the loss in weight is more than 5% after three months or if there is the safety problem, the medication ought to be discontinued, and another option for medications have to be considered. The agents which are linked to weight loss are sodiumglucose co- transporter two inhibitors, amylin mimetics and glucagon-like peptide one agonists (Campbell, 2014). However, Dipeptidyl peptidase four inhibitors look as neutral to weight. Some agents such as insulin, insulin secretagogues should not be administered to Michael because they are usually linked to weight gain. Concomitant Medications The health care providers ought to evaluate and review the concomitant medications of Michael. However, they should consider offering options for any medications which facilitate weight gain (Lee et al., 2014). For instance, they use of anticholinergics, antidepressants, and antihistamines. Bariatric surgery This kind of surgery is meant for people who have BMI more than 35kg/m2 and also these with diabetes 2. For the case of Michael, the surgery is appropriate since he has got BMI of 57.09 m2 and he has got diabetes 2 (Buchwald Oien, 2013). These surgeries encompass procedures which involve bypassing, resection, gastric branding or the transposing the stomach sections and ileum. It is convenient procedures for severe obesity while done to be part of comprehensive weight loss supervision strategy. It will involve a lifelong support together with medical management. The gastric branding leads to less weight loss in comparison to Roux-en gastric bypass sleeve gastrectomy. But the recommended guidelines prefer bariatric surgery for individuals with more than 35 kg/m2 BMI and also those with diabetes 2. The use of bariatric surgery has been indicated to attain normalization of glycemia in the period of 2eyars fully after surgery in 72% of the individuals under research in comparison with 16% of the group of patients who had been under pharmacological and lifestyle interventions (Lopez-Nava et al., 2015). The medication interventions have been found to work effectively with medical treatment as compared to merely medical therapy. Even though this kind of surgery makes better the metabolic conditions of patients with morbidly obese, it still needs lots of studies. Social isolation Social isolation is a condition where an individual is completely or nearly completely lack contact with and the general society (De Jong Gierveld, et al., 2016). For the case of scenario, Michael Anderson feels completely uncomfortable with his condition. Michael is socially secluded for the reason that he is humiliated by the size and he seldom goes out. He finds it more and harder to carry out undertakings of daily living. He notices that he is the crucial part of his life and he needs to reduce weight. The care priorities are meant to win him back to feel part of the society engage in activities which can assist him to improve his health condition. Attending social programs There are different social programs which are meant to keep people busy for instance environmental cleaning (Shankar et al., 2013). Michael in this case, therefore, should be encouraged to attend such programs which will eventually improve his contact with other people in society. It will encourage him, and he will avoid stigma. Social support The society has a significant role in ensuring that socially isolated individuals are taken care of. What people should do is offering support to Michael by helping him to do his domestic duties. From this point, Michael will not feel alone but he will feel part of the society, and he will not hide in his premises again (Shankar et al., 2013). The church also should visit him frequently as a way of encouraging him and giving him more hope that his condition will be better. In addition, people in society should positively compliment him whenever they meet him. Through this idea, Michael will feel loved hence he will get out of isolation quickly. Workshops Different hospitals have various workshops for individuals with various types of diseases. As for Michael, he should visit obese and diabetes workshops and here he will interact with various patients who have various issues which are even worse than his (Shankar et al., 2013). Through these workshops, he will develop an active mind knowing that he is even much better and he can still do better provided the therapies. Encouraging a sense of purpose A sense of purpose or just hobbies which bring curiosity among patients with diabetes and obesity should be encouraged. There are very less to succumb to consequences of social isolation. Hobbies and interests are social in nature. Almost everything which encompasses teams encourages participation, and it is socially healthy (Shankar et al., 2013). Michael should be encouraged to continue doing his hobbies to make him active. However, by encouraging him to volunteer in some organizations can assist him to develop a sense of purpose Offering him a job Provided that the conditions of Michael are improving based on the suggested therapies; his two children should start him a simple business which is meant to keep him busy (Shankar et al., 2013).For instance, he should be given popcorn machine which he will conduct his business of baking popcorns and sell to people. This is a simple business which will assist him to interact with diverse people in society. Conclusions The condition of Michael is a critical approach which nurses should consider with much attention. Having diabetes 2 and obesity at ago needs combined therapies which can save the situation. The weight management will assist him to reduce lots of fats in his body which also assist in maintaining severity of diabetes 2. In addition, in order to continue with the therapies, his social contact should be improved through, workshops, encouraging a sense of purpose, participating in hobbies and even engaging in businesses. References Buchwald, H., Oien, D. M. (2013). Metabolic/bariatric surgery worldwide 2011.Obesity surgery,23(4), 427-436. Campbell, R. K. (2014). Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. De Jong Gierveld, J., Van Tilburg, T., Dykstra, P. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation. Dunkley, A. J., Bodicoat, D. H., Greaves, C. J., Russell, C., Yates, T., Davies, M. J., Khunti, K. (2014). Diabetes Prevention in the real world: Effectiveness of pragmatic lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and of the impact of adherence to guideline recommendations.Diabetes care,37(4), 922-933. Franz, M. J., Boucher, J. L., Rutten-Ramos, S., VanWormer, J. J. (2015). Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,115(9), 1447-1463. Handelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., ... Davidson, J. A. (2015). American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinologyclinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan2015.Endocrine Practice,21(s1), 1-87. Inzucchi, S. E., Bergenstal, R. M., Buse, J. B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., ... Matthews, D. R. (2015). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.Diabetes care,38(1), 140-149. Johns, D. J., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Jebb, S. A., Aveyard, P., Group, B. W. M. R. (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,114(10), 1557-1568. Lee, M. S., Lin, R. Y., Lai, M. S. (2014). Increased risk of diabetes mellitus in relation to the severity of psoriasis, concomitant medication, and comorbidity: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,70(4), 691-698. Lopez-Nava, G., Galvo, M. P., da Bautista-Castao, I., Jimenez, A., De Grado, T., Fernandez-Corbelle, J. P. (2015). Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty for the treatment of obesity.Endoscopy,47(05), 449-452. Misra, A., Bhardwaj, S. (2014). Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries: focus on South Asians. InInternational Nutrition: Achieving Millennium Goals and Beyond(Vol. 78, pp. 133-140). Karger Publishers. Powers, M. A., Bardsley, J., Cypress, M., Duker, P., Funnell, M. M., Fischl, A. H., ... Vivian, E. (2017). Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.The Diabetes Educator,43(1), 40-53. Shankar, A., Hamer, M., McMunn, A., Steptoe, A. (2013). Social isolation and loneliness: relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.Psychosomatic medicine,75(2), 161-170. Simmons, D., Jelsma, J. G., Galjaard, S., Devlieger, R., van Assche, A., Jans, G., ... Harreiter, J. (2015). Results from a European multicenter randomized trial of physical activity and/or healthy eating to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: the DALI lifestyle pilot.Diabetes Care,38(9), 1650-1656.