Constantinople :: essays research papers fc

This analyse leave behind attempt to analyse and explain all the causes and factors that lead to the picking of Constantinople as eastern capital of the empire. From the really outset the reasons for such a catalytic move, which provided the impetus for the creation of a new era, leave behind be examined as lucidly as possible. To conclude, having appraised the above, much light will be thrown on the choice of Constantinople, amongst other places, as the eastern capital of the empire in terms of geographical position, religious and scotch factors.Numerous were the reasons that gradually led to the movement of the empire to the einsteinium. Initially, Rome was very far from the regions of the shores of the Bosphorus and the river Euphrates and thus unable to confront effectively the empires good-nigh large enemies (the Goths and the Persians) that had made their appearance from the 3rd century. Additionally, Rome, a affectionateness of paganism, with its memories of muni cipal traditions and republican sentiment, with its aristocratic, educated and fiercely traditionalist senators , had begun to annoy the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great (337-362). He, himself, was a vigorous supporter of Christianity and especially afterwards the prolonged period of his successful confrontation with Licinius (314-323), he was convinced that the next belonged to the Christians and for that reason, he decided to turn decisively towards the East, which was the main source and parentage of the new religion. Furthermore, from the 3rd century onwards, most of the emperors originated from provinces and did not share significant bonds with Rome. What Constantine visualised instead of sacrifices to pagan deities and four emperors with irregular courts and capitals, was an empire with i emperor and one established capital, along with a splendid advanced(a) church devoted to the glory of the one true God . He therefore regarded the foundation of a new city as the mos t important symbol of his deeper aim, the renewal of the empire.In 324, the old Greek craft city of Byzantium (modern Istanbul) was chosen by Constantine the Great as the ultimate eff for the new city that would form the headquarters of the empire in the East and was renamed after his own name, Constantinople (Constantinou-polis). It is a fact that among the fundamental criteria for choosing this specific location were its strategic geographical position between Europe and Asia, its strategic take account for the command of the seas and of the main routes over-land from East to West and from North to South, as well as the right connection between the centre and the periphery of the Empire.

The Social and Cultural Costs and Benefits of Entering a Sport Not Trad

The Social and Cultural Costs and Benefits of Entering a Sport Not Traditional to Your Sex/GenderThroughout time, entertainments catch been thought of as feminine sports or masculine sports. Some sports that ar thought of as feminine atomic number 18 gymnastics, swimming, tennis, riding, and ice-skating. These tend to be sports that underscore beauty and grace. Mens sports tend to emphasize strength and power, like football, basketball, or bodybuilding. The kindly and cultural stereotypes that ar placed on men and oddly women in the sports world can be hard for an athlete to wad with. Men argon expected to be masculine and strong in their sports, while egg-producing(prenominal)s are expected non to overexert themselves and still musical accompaniment their feminine appeal. Who is to say what sports are okay for men and women to participate in? Is it fair to place stereotypes on people who are just doing what they passionateness to do? Will these stereotypes diminish over time? In history, women prevail been given a hard time for coming into sports. Since at least(prenominal) the late 1800s there have been myths about women in sports, some of which we are still working on debunking to this day. Some include the whim that sport masculinizes women, sports are medically risky for women, the female body was non made for sports performance, women are not interested in sports, and women cannot psychologically bind the pressure of sports (Oglesby & Shelton, 9). Women were seen as fragile and unable to compete on the akin level as men could in sports. Women of this time who played softball, basketball, or track were considered unladylike and were queryed of their femininity (Spears, 13). Public recognition of individual female athletes deals more with their feminine beauty and status than to athlet... ...ting could become a region model for a young boy who thought that people would re cut into that he was gay if he skated.Although there are cultur al and social cost associated with a person entering a sport that is not traditional for his or her gender, there are also some benefits. The question that only the athlete can answer is whether the benefits out weigh the costs enough to stick with it. I have hope that stereotypes in sports result become less observed. Sports have changed so much in the brook century. Women were barely allowed to play certain sports like basketball at the turn of the last century and now we have professional womans basketball. More changes are coming, slowly but surely they are coming. Just the fact that we are now questioning the costs and benefits of being in a sport that is not necessarily for your gender/sex is a step in the right direction.

Basic Syntactic Notions

S Y N T A X LECTURE 6 BASIC SYNTACTIC NOTIONS 1. around plan of attackes to the study of syntacticalal social wholes. The central role of convict structure at bottom suppo perplexitious linguistics became empower unaccompanied in the 20th century, which roughly scholars c both the century of syntactic possibility as far as linguistics is concerned. Nowadays theoretical approaches to the discip draw off of syntax be numerous and extremely diverse. One instruct of thought treats syntax as a branch of biology, since it conceives of syntax as the study of linguistic knowledge as embodied in the benevolent mind.Other linguists regard syntax to be the study of an abstract corpseal system. stock-still causality(a)s see to it syntax to be a taxonomical device to gain ground full(a) generalizations across lyrics. One to a greater extent school of thought approaches syntactic phenomena from the philosophical pip of view proceeding from the brain that reality consis ts of things, their qualities and dealinghips. Hence, the offset of discourses by the distinguishs of speech and the treatment of syntactic problems as philisophic processes. The hypothesis of generative grammar is that deliin truth is a social system of the tender mind.The finishing of generative grammar is to make a achieve model of this inner language (known as i-language). This model could be commitd to describe all hu piece of music language and to p expirationict the well- figureedity of any given vocalisation (that is, to predict whether the utterance would sound correct to native vocalisers of the language). This approach to language was pioneered by Noam Comsky. near generative theories (although not all of them) assume that syntax is based upon the organic structure of condemnations. Generative grammars be among the theories that focus primarily on the reach on of a reprobate, rather than its communicative spot.Among the many generative theories of lin guistics, the Chomskyan theories be Trans mouldational Grammar (TG) (Original guess of generative syntax laid pop out by Chomsky in syntactical Structures in 1957 political sympathies and binding theory (GB) (revised theory in the usance of TG developed primary(prenominal)ly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s) Minima keep downen plan (MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995) Categorial grammar is an approach that attributes the syntactic structure not to rules of grammar, but to the properties of the syntactic categories themselves.For example, rather than asserting that sentences be constructed by a rule that admits a noun expression (NP) and a verb parlance (VP) (e. g. the vocabulary structure rule S NP VP), in categorial grammar, such(prenominal) principles be embedded in the category of the moderate playscript itself. So the syntactic category for an in transitive verb verb represent verb is a meld traffic pattern ula representing the fact that the verb acts as a functor which subscribe tos an NP as an in adorn and produces a sentence level structure as an output. This complex category is regarded as a category that searches to the left for a NP (the relegate on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right).The category of transitive verb is delimitate as an element that requires cardinal NPs (its undefended and its direct object) to pass water a sentence. Dependency grammar regards structure as dictated by the traffic (such as grammatical sex acts) amidst a pronounce (a period) and its dependents, rather than beingness based in constituent structure. For example, syntactic structure is expound in price of whether a particular noun is the subject or agent of the verb, rather than describing the relation backs in damage of phrases. Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/ne twork theories These atomic number 18 theoretical approaches to syntax based upon probability theory.They be known as stochastic grammars. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a neural network or connectionism. Some theories based within this approach ar Optimality theory and Stochastic context-free grammar. Functionalist grammars be responsibilityalist theories, which (though focused upon form) be driven by explanation based upon the function of a sentence (i. e. its communicative function). Some typical functionalist theories include Funtionalist grammar Prague linguistic Circle Systemic functional grammar Cognitive grammar Construction grammar Role and computer address grammar Emergent grammar Constructional Syntax.Constructional analysis of syntactic units was initiated by Prof. G. Pocheptsov (1971). The analysis deals with the constructional signifi scum bagce/insignifi messce of a part of the sentence for the undivided syntactic unit. The theory is based on the obligatory or optional environment of syntactic elements. For example, the ele ment him in the sentence / saw him thither yesterday is constructionally significant because it is impossible to turn out it. At the same time the elements there and yesterday are constructionally unauthoritative they can be omitted without destroying the whole structure.Communicative Syntax. It is primarily concerned with the analysis of utterances from the point of their communicative value and informative structure. It deals with the actual partition of the utterance the root and rheme analysis. Both the theme and the rheme constitute the informative structure of utterances. Pragmatic approach to the study of syntactic units can briefly be described as the study of the way language is used in particular contexts to pass particular goals. Speech Act Theory was world-class introduced by earth-closet Austin.The notion of a speech act presupposes that an utterance can be said with several(predicate) intentions or purposes and therefore can influence the speaker and situatio n in polar ways I just solid ground the fact Textlinguistics studies the text as a syntactic unit, its principal(prenominal) features and peculiarities, different ways of its analysis. Discourse analysis focuses on the study of language use with reference to the social and psychological factors that influence conversation. 2. Some concrete rules of syntactic analysis.The to the highest degree comm provided applied concrete methods of syntactic analysis bet to be the IC and commuteational social occasions. The method of IC is based on the idea that sentences attain a hierarchic structure consisting of a itemize of layers. It is fake that split of a sentence are unite with severally different according to strict rules. If we want to know how a sentence is built we must better its units or constituents. Hence the notion of immediate constituents /IC/. Immediate constituents are those parts of a sentence that we arrive at later on dividing it into two (the first step). Those parts or IC may, in their turn, be divided into further parts until the actual place of each backchat in the structure of the sentence as a whole has been established. (e. g. The old man saw a black leaper there. S sentence P phrase N- noun V verb t article p preposition A adjective D adverb) The method of IC is very implemental in syntactical analysis. But it has certain limitations. Sentences in which the transaction between language are considerably different despite identical muster structures get in the IC model quite similar interpretations. canvas the sentences lav is eager to please and outhouse is easy to please. In the former the relations between ass and eager are of a subjective fount, while in the latter legerdemain and easy stand in an quarry relation to each otherwise. By applying the method of IC we cannot testify perfunctoryly the soulfulnessifying difference. It is because the structures of these sentences are analyzed separately from the structures of other sentences. The tansformational method is aimed at over access the demerits of the method of IC.The Transformational grammar was first suggested by American scholar Zelling Harris as a method of analyzing sentences and was later lucubrate by another American scholar Noam Chomsky as a synthetic method of generating (constructing) sentenceswhich is wherefore the theory is as well called generative grammar. The fundamental ideas underlying this method are as follows. Every language has a very small number of sentence patterns called kernel or basic sentences. All the variety of sentences which can go in that language are derived or generated from these kernel sentences by stemma rules.Grammarians harbour made attempts at setting up a list of patterns that could be regarded as kernel sentences. It is interesting to point out that the number of these is essentially different in various books. Transformational grammar makes a fundamental indication betw een two types of sentences kernel sentences and transforms. The latter are derived from the former. Transformational grammar traces the derivational news report of a sentence by establishing what is called its depth structure. It gum olibanum shows why sentences having similar surface structures convey different structural centres.The differences in meaning can be form-only(prenominal)ly justifyed applying the transformational method. Z. Harris set up the sideline list of kernel sentences NV(John came) NVpN (John looked at Mary) NVN(John saw Mary) N is N (John is a teacher) N is p N (/John is in bed) N is D (John is here) N is A (John is angry) The above sentence The old man saw a pass over there can be interpreted as the transform of the followers tierce kernel sentencesThe man saw a dog there. The man was old. The dog was black. (The man who was old saw a dog that was black. ( The old man saw a black dog there.The equivocalness of the sentence loyal planes can be dangero us, is easily explained by the side by side(p) transformational procedure To fly planes is dangerous. He can fly planes. ( Flying planes can be dangerous. Planes can be dangerous. Planes fly. ( Flying planes can be dangerous. Only by transformation can we explain why phrases of the NsN type denote different relations as in Johns arrival and Johns trial, the former being a transform of the kernel sentence John arrives and the latter having a different derivational history X triesJohn ( John is tried ( Johns trial.S. Porter reduces the number of kernel sentences to three All innocent sentences belong to one of three types A) The sun warms the earth B) The sun is a star C) The sun is bright As an argument S. Porter adds intelligence order is changeless in A) and B), but not in C). change surface in sober prose a man may say blazing is the sun. The sentences derived fromsuch kernel sentences are speech communication or combination rowing added to the kernel ones in accordance wit h their combinability so as to make the communication as complete as the speaker wishes.Thus, the kernel sentence Boys snap can be quite independent. But this sentence can be extended by realizing the combinability of the noun boys and the verb play into The three noisy boys play uncut upstairs. We can develop the sentence into a still more extended one. But one should bear in mind that the rules of combinability feel to be observed for the sentence to be valid. It should also be show that there are rules of grammatical and lexical combinability as well as stylistic ones.The combination of linguistic process will be ungrammatical if we put together boys plays, quite of boys play or the fish shouted instead of the boy shouted. 3 The Subject Matter of Syntax linguistic communication by themselves do not, as a rule, make up complete units of speech, in order to become such units, they must get combined with one another in the framework of linguistic items of a high(prenominal) rank. These are the sentence and the phrase. As a whole, they make up the syntactical structure of a language.From the point of view of Structural Grammar syntax is the part of grammar that studies the laws in accordance with which course become phrases, and sentences. Hence, syntax is the part of grammar that investigates the syntactical structure of a language. It treats of both phrases and sentences which, though belonging to different levels of language structure, are closely connected with each other. The traditional definition of syntax was extended by Prof. L. S. Barkhudarov who states that syntax has also to investigate phenomena lying on a still higher(prenominal)(prenominal) level, namely the level on which sentences combine into radicals of sentences.Considering the fact that syntax studies the way linguistic communication and phrases are combined into phrases, sentences and texts close to scholars define syntax as the science which studies the types of formal and sem antic relations within word combinations, sentences, supra-phrasal unities and texts. The syntactic language level can be described with the table service of special linguistic terms and notions syntactic unit, syntactic form, syntactic meaning, syntactic function, syntactic position, and syntactic relations. Syntactic unit is ever so a combination that has at least two constituents.The basic syntactic units are a word- root, a clause, a sentence, and a text. Their main features are they are hierarchical units (the units of a lower level serve the edifice material for the units of a higher level) as all language units the syntactic units are of two-fold reputation (the content side the syntactic meaning of a syntactic unit- being opposed to the expression side -the syntactic form of a syntactic unit) they are of communicative and non-communicative nature (word- chemical groups and clauses are of non-communicative nature while sentences and texts are of communicative nature.Synt actic meaning is the way in which separate word meanings are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences. Syntactic form may be described as the dispersalal formula of the unit (pattern). John hits the ball N1 + V + N2. Syntactic function is the function of a unit on the basis of which it is included to a larger unit in the word-group a smart student the word smart is in order prenominal relations to the transport element. In traditional terms it is used to denote syntactic function of a unit within the sentence (subject, predicate, etc. ).Syntactic position is the position of an element. The order of constituents in syntactic units is of principal importance in analytical languages. The syntactic position of an element may determine its relationship with the other elements of the same unit his broad back, a back district, to go back, to back sm. Syntactic relations are syntagmatic relations observed between syntactic units. They can be of three types -coordination, subordination and predication. 4 The Phrase aim and the Sentence Level sophisticated linguistics distinguishes between the phrase level and the sentence level.There exist many definitions of phrases, the difference between them being that one group of scholars shed that phrases consist of only notional words while their opponents think that the constituents of a phrase can be function words (prepositions, connecters, etc. ). around definitions mention some negative feature characteristic of phrases. Prof. B. A. Ilyish, for instance, terms as phrase every combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. Prof. L.S. Barkhudarov, on the other hand, defines a phrase as a group of syntactically connected notional words being part of a sentence but not being the sentence itself. We have already mentioned how difficult it is to draw a rigid demarcation line between phrases and analytical forms. As to the borderline between phra ses and sentences, it is oft easier to establish. The close to important feature of a sentence as distinct from a phrase is its intonation. The structure of a phrase is of a very blanket(a) and abstract character.While singling out particular types of phrases we do not take into depict the lexical meanings of the words or their geomorphologic features. (So, for example, all the groups of words, that follow, can be classed as phrases of the V+N type writes a letter, has seen the friend, has been giving lessons, having entire the work, etc. ) Since phrases are only parts of sentences, we must assume that there exists a higher level with its own peculiar structure. It is called the sentence level.Irrespective of its one-dimensional character (a succession in time or space of morphemes, words, phrases), the sentence has a hierarchic structure. That actor that the parts of a sentence are not independent, they can exist as such only in their unwashed interrelation. The interdepend ence of the parts of a sentence is not inescapably reflected in their linear succession. 5. Types of Syntactical Relations Means of Expression The relations between words within phrases and sentences are not uniform.It is one of the most important tasks of syntax to single out and to define the types of syntactical relations. The universally recognized types of syntactic relations are subordination, coordination and predication. Subordination is the type of syntactical relation under which the function of one part of the phrase coincides with the function of the phrase as a whole. The leading part is called the manoeuver of the phrase while the part having a function different from that of the head is called the extension of the phrase.Apart from the purely semantic criterion it is quite possible to establish which word is the head by applying the formal procedure of substitution (e. g. A three-year-old man entered the room. In this sentence the whole group a unfledged man per forms the function of the subject. We may replace the group by the word man A man entered the room. Hence, the word man is the head of the phrase and young the appurtenant. ) While performing the substitution procedure one should not change the syntactical relations within the sentence as a whole(e. g. He is a young man.He is a man. He is young /wrong/). Coordination is the type of syntactical relation under which he syntactical function of the whole group coincides with that of its parts. Coordination can also be established by applying the substitution test (Thus, in the sentence Boys and girls analyze at that school, the group boys and girls performs the function of the subject. The same function can be performed by either of the words making up the group Boys and girls analyze at that school. Boys studied at that school, Girls studied at that school).Coordinative relations are found in phrases with coordinative conjunctions /but, neithernor/ and also in groups like the poet B yron, my brother the teacher(e. g. The poet Byron lived in Greece. The poet lived in Greece. Byron lived in Greece My brother the teacher got hook up with last year. My brother got married last year. The teacher got married last year). Predication is the type of syntactical relation under which the syntactical function of the group as a whole is different from the functions of each of its components /IC/.The most typical predicative relation is that between the subject and the predicate. This is most distinctly seen in complex sentences such as I hatetalking loudly I knew he had come None of the IC of the surmount clauses can be replaced by the clause as a whole. It is impossible to say I knew he or I knew had come. The types of syntactic bonds just described are generally recognized, though not all scholars use the terms given above to designate them.However, these types of syntactic bonds can fail to explain the relation between, for instance, the main predication and the in serted elements in the sentences (The boy, as it were, left the dramatics. Interestingly and fortunately for him nobody saw him). That is why some grammarians consider it also necessary to single out other types of syntactic relation to cover the cases in question. The number and types of syntactic bonds added to the above given ones varies from motive to author and we are not going to dwell on them here.Instead, we shall delay ourselves to presenting the system of syntactic bonds worked out by Prof. Smirnitskiy which will serve as an example. According to him there are four types of syntactic relations in English 1) the attributive bond characterized by A. I. Smirnitskiy as the closest agreeable of syntactic relations (we deal with the attributive bond in attributive word combinations or between the attributive subordinate clause and its head in the main clause) 2) the completive bond connecting the predicate and all mentals of objects, objective subordinate clauses.Adverbial subordinate clauses are also said to be connected with the main clause with the help of this kind of bond 3) the copulative bond connecting similar parts of a sentence, or independent clauses in a compound sentence. Parenthesis(or insertions) of all kinds are also regarded as syntactic phenomena introduced into the sentence with the help of this kind of syntactic bond 4) the predicative bond, which is described as the loosest of all syntactic bonds, establishes the relations between the subject and the predicate.Every language has its peculiar grammatical means that signal different syntactical relations. Like morphemes indicating various forms of words, these may be called syntactical forms for they express syntactical relations. The relations between words in a phrase or a sentence are diverse and multiple. In syntactical analyses we normally avoid mentioning relations which can be ascribed to the lexical meanings of the words (e. g. In the phrases his singing and his hat the se mantic relations between the words are different (doer- process, possession) but syntactically we have one and the same relation (subordination).Modern English makes use of the following syntactical means of expressing syntagmatic relations Word-order. It is with the help of word-order that we make out the syntactical relations between the words in the following groups a young man to read a book stone fence in Peter sees Mary etc. Word order may testify not only that the words stand in some kind of relation to one another but also what kind of relation it is. The forms of the words. This linguistic device has more than often been underestimated by scholars writing on the grammar of English.In the opinion of Prof. A. I. Smirnitskiy, it is just delinquent to their scarcity that the forms of the words acquire an important role in the structure of the sentence or phrase. The importance of the morphological forms can be clearly seen if we compare the following two groups of which only the former is a sentence He likes them Him like they. Function words. By these we mean prepositions and conjunctions which show different relations between words (e. g. the poet Byron the poet after Byron a poor man poor and proud). Intonation.Intonation may perform different functions it helps to distinguish between a phrase and a sentence, it may also indicate different relations between words. LECTURE 7 THE joint 1. Syntactical Classification of Phrases In accordance with the character of syntactic relations existing between the parts of a phrase, these are divided into three large classes subordinative phrases, coordinative phrases, predicative phrases. This division is based on the definition under which a phrase is understood as a combination of two. or more notional words standing in some syntactical relation to one another and being . art of a sentence. 2. Formal Relations within a Phrase. The inner relations between the parts of a phrase are verbalized formally in som e way or other. No uniform categorization of these formal devices has not been established so far. Still, the following types of formal syntactical means have been outlined so far Agreement by which grammarians visualize the phenomenon of two or more words having similar morphological forms due to their being connected syntactically. As a rule, the subordinate element adapts its form to that of the word it is subordinated to.Agreement is found in noun phrases with demonstrative pronouns (this book these books that house those houses. ) As to the agreement between the subject and the predicate, it is of a less formal character (e. g. The United States is a country situated in North America. Our group are fond of sports. ) In this respect English is less formal than, say, Russian. In English the subject and the predicate agree with each other semantically rather than formally. This type of connection is called correspondence. Government by which grammarians construe he phenomenon of one of the words in a phrase having some grammatical form conditioned by the word it is subordinate to Government is very common in Russian where even prepositions can require that the nouns following them should stand in a certain case form. As a syntactical device government is rather rare in Modern English. We find it in combinations of the V+In type in which the verb requires that the personal pronoun should have the form of the objective case. The same can be said of p + In and p + whom (see him, invite us, to me, about whom, etc). bordering and enclosure.The absence of both agreement and government, termed adjoining, is the most characteristic feature of the syntactical structure of Modern English. Adverbs, for example, are said to be adjoined to verbs and adjectives. Strictly harangue it is not only the actual position of the adjective that helps the hearer or reader to understand what word is modified by the adverb, but in many cases some semantic features have also to be taken into account, for the adverb may be considerably far from the word it is connected with. Modern English makes extensive use of another means of expressing syntactical relations.It is called en enclosure. A very illustrative example of enclosure is found in word groups like a. fine day, where the article is separated from the noun permitting other words to become syntactically connected with the noun. In this way any word, word group and even whole sentences may become adjuncts of the noun (e. g. The above dictation a big-circulation newspaper a take-it-or-leave-it tone). 3. 0. Jespersen s Theory of Ranks A very interesting syntactical theory, known as the theory of three ranks. was elaborated by O. Jespersen.According to this theory, there is a certain analogy between the distribution of words into parts of speech and their interrelations in actual speech. Analysing the word group extremely tropical weather 0. Jespersen points out that the chief word is defined by anoth er word which in its turn may be defined by a third word, etc. We are thus, he writes, led to establish different ranks of words according to their mutual relations as defined defining. In his example weather is called_the primary, hot the secondary, extremely the tertiary In this way one can establish the rank of a word in respect of the other words it is connected with. . Subordinative phrases noun phrases verb phrases adjective phrases adverb phrases pronoun phrases. .Subordinative phrases are distinctly different from co-ordinative and predicative phrases. In these phrases we always find parts winch are uneven as regards their syntactical status. The word whose function coincides with the function of the whole_phrase is called the head, and the dependent or subordinate word is called the adjunct. Unlike coordinative phrases subordinative phrases are always binary in structure.That means that irrespective of the actual number of words making up a subordinative phrase it alwa ys falls into two immediate constituents. So, for example, the phrase continued to refuse to meet demands for higher wages, at the initial stage of division into I? falls into two parts continued and to refuse to meet demands for higher wages. What was the adjunct during the first division, in its turn, falls into the next I? to refuse and to meet demands for higher wages the latter also consists of two parts to meet and demands for higher wages, and so on.The principles of classification of subordinative phrases may be various. They may be classified depending on the part of speech the head of the phrase belongs to. chthonic this classification the following types of phrases are distinguished noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, pronoun phrases. The second classification takes into account whether the I? of the phrase consist of one or more than one. notional words. If each I? of the phrase has only one notional_word, the phrase is called simple.If at le ast one of the I? has_two or more notional_words, the phrase is called complex. We can also distinguish, in this connection, between complex phrases with an expand head and complex phrases with an expanded adjunct , and, finally, there may be phrases in which both the head and the adjunct are expanded. (e. g. The reception of the delegation by the death chair (a complex phrase with an expanded head) Saw the father of the youthfulness (a complex phrase with an expanded adjunct) The reception of the delegation by the President of the state (a complex phrase in which both the head and the adjunct are expanded).Subordinative phrases may additionally be divided into continuous and discontinuous. This division takes into account the fact whether the I? of the phrase are found in succession or whether they are separated by some word which does not belong to this phrase. (e. g. Slowly, Old Jolyon got up out of the chair a discontinuous phrase). a. Noun Phrases Noun_phrases are subordinat iye phrases in which the,head is a noun. As regards the mutual positions of the head and its adjunct linguists distinguish noun phrases with preposed adjuncts and noun phrases with postposed adjuncts.In noun phrases with preposed adjuncts the latter can be expressed by the following classes of words adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs in the form of participle I or participle II, nouns having the s morpheme or without it. To use symbols, these phrases have the following structures AN (white juggle thick books) laN (this room his friend) QN (three windows the second lesson) V-ingN (shouting boys melting ice) V-enN (written works right mistakes) NsN (Marys book a weeks delay) NN (window glass university team).In noun phrases with postposed adjuncts the following units may be the adjuncts prepositional groups adjectives and adjective phrases verbs in the form of participles and verb phrases in which participles are the heads verbs in the form of the infinitive and verb phrases in w hich the infinitive is the head infinitival and gerundial predicative phrases noun phrases conjunctional groups adverbs numeralssubordinate clauses.The patterns noun phrases with postposed adjuncts are NpN (the title of the book) NpNP (the title of the new book) N crepuscule (the saving of him) NpV-ing (my reason for sexual climax) NpV-ingP (my reason for coming here). In principle any preposition can be part of a postposed adjunct. Special investigations have shown, however, that the preposition of covers 70% of all occurrences. Postposed adjuncts with adjectives are relatively rare, in this position the occurrence of adjective phrases is much more common NA (the people present) NAP (a country rich in coal).It should be accentuate here that only a limited number of adjectives can be used as postposed adjuncts. They are the adjective present adjectives with the suffixes -ible, -able, some adjectives with the prefix a- (afraid, alive). Postposed adjuncts with verbs in various forms are represented by the following types NV-en (the person addressed) NV-ing (the children shouting) NV-enP (the work done by him) NV-ingP (the children shouting in the yard) NtoV (the work to do) NtoVD (the work to do quickly).Postposed adjuncts consisting of predicative phrases are of two kinds they may have as a head either the infinitive or the ing-form. As a rule, they are introduced by the preposition for (the so-called for-phrases). Here are some of the most everyday patterns NforNtoV (a book for turkey cock to read) NforNsV-ing or NforNV-ing (the reason for Toms coming the reason for Tom coming). Each part of the adjunct may get considerably expanded (the reason for poor Toms coming latea poem for this little boy to learn by heart).Postposed adjuncts in which nouns are the heads or introduced by the conjunction as are not very frequent in Modern English. They are NNP (a child the same age) NasN (his support as an artist) NasNP (his life as an opera singer). Postposed adju ncts with adverbs are rarely used ND (Jims speech yesterday). Postposed adjuncts with numerals are confined in English only to valued numerals (page three, room ten). b. Verb PhrasesVerb phrases take a central position among all types of phrases in Modern English. They display a great variety of structure and are capable of combining with one another.Therefore they make up syntactical constructions of ample depth, and complexity. Prof. L. S. Barkhudarov suggested that verb phrases should be classified according to the lexico-grammatical nature of the verb being the head of the phrase. As is known, all English verbs fall into two large classes transitive and intransitive verbs. It is also known that many verbs can be used in either meaning but this is quite irrelevant for syntax because in any given sentence one and the same verb is either transitive or intransitive.Under the classification suggested by Prof. L. S. Barkhudarov English verb phrases fall into the following main class es phrases the head of which is either a transitive or an intransitive verb phrases the head of which necessarily belongs to a definite subclass of verbs (transitive or intransitive). The adjuncts in verb phrases, accordingly, fall into two types adjuncts capable of combining with verbs of either class called extensions adjuncts capable of combining with verbs of only a definite class (transitive or intransitive) called complements.The adjuncts of a transitive verb are called object complements, those of an intransitive verb qualifying complements. The following adjuncts can be found in verb phrases with extensions adverbs and adverb phrases adjectives and adjective phrases prepositional groups noun phrases without prepositions pronouns verbs in the form of the infinitive participle I and participle IIconjunctional groups predicative phrasessubordinate clauses VD (runs quickly) VDP (runs very quickly) VA (stood, angry) VAP (stood, red with anger) VpN (returns to the country)VNP arri ved last week) VIa (lives there) VIself. washing himself) VtoT (came to help) VtoVP (came to help me) VV-ing (came laughing) VV-en (came, frightened) VbN (acting as judge) VbA (speaking whenever possible) Vb toV (rising so as to see) VforNtoV (stood for John to pass) VpNsV-ing (left without Johns, noticing). (For verb phrases with complements see ?. ?. ??????????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, p? 89 -110) ?.Adjective Phrases Adjective phrases have a relatively low frequency of occurrence, if the head of the phrase is an adjective in the ordained degree, the adjunct may be an adverb a prepositional group a noun a noun phrase a verb in the form of the gerund or the infinitive a predicative phrase and a subordinate clause DA (incredibly beautiful) ApNP ( cracking for young children) AN (worth the trouble) AV-ingP (busy doing sums) AtoV (ready to go) AforNtoV (easy for John to read).Things are somewhat different with adjectives in the comparative and peak degrees. Adjectives in the comparative degree usually combine with adjuncts introduced by the conjunction than (Tom is older than George). They also combine with adverbs and adverbial pronouns, such as far, still, much (far greater, much better, still greater). Adjectives in the superlative degree may have a proposed adjunct like by far or a postposed adjunct a prepositional group introduced by the prepositions of and in. d.Adverb Phrases In adverb phrases the adjuncts may stand both in preposition and in postposition. Proposed adjuncts are adverbs and adverbial pronouns (except fair to middling), and with the adverbs before, later, earlier, agone nouns or noun phrases. Postposed adjuncts are the pro-adverb enough, prepositional groups (p+N,etc. ), nouns and noun phrases DD (rather well) IdD (so nicely) ND (years later) NPD (six days ago) D+enough (well enough) DpN (high in the air). e. Pronoun PhrasesOnly indefinite, negative and demonstrative pronouns can be heads of pronou n phrases.They take the following adjuncts prepositional groups (p+N p+In, p+NP) adjectives or adjective phrases verbs in the form of the infinitive or verb phrases with the infinitive as the headinfinitival predicative phrases and subordinate clauses. The adjunct is always placed in postposition In pN (some of the workers) In pIn (some of us) InA (something strange) IntoV (nothing to do) In forNtoV (Nobody for Tom to see). 5. Coordinative phrases. Co-ordinate phrases are characterized by the following features all its members have a similar function in the sentence their structure is not binary.As to the morphological peculiarities of the constituents of a order phrase, it should be upset here that this point is of no relevance for syntax. (So, for example, in the sentence Celia was fine and a good cuss pretty and a good companion are the constituents of one and the same coordinate phrase irrespective of their being essentially different as regards their morphological nature pretty is an adjective, good companion is a noun phrase. ) Coordinate phrases fall into two groups 1)Syndetic coordinate phrases.The syntactical connection between the I? is expressed with the help of conjunctions. If the conjunction is continuous, the coordinate phrase is said to be simple. If the conjunction is discontinuous, the phrase is said to be correlative (E. g. It was the sound of a gramophone, harsh and loud, He has both share and talent. ) 2)Asyndetic coordinate phrases. The syntactical connection between the parts of the phrase is expressed only with the help of intonation. (E. g. He was hot, dusty, tired out. The good lady her fetch now interposed. ) 6.Predicative phrases Predicative phrases fall into three groups infinitival predicative phrases (for John to come) gerundial predicative phrases (Johns coming) implicit predicative phrases (all things considered). Predicative phrases have a binary structure, they are made up of only two I?. They have much in common wit h sentences, but the I? of a predicative phrase should not be termed subject and predicate. It should be say here that the subjectival member of a predicative phrase and the subject of a sentence always refer to different persons or things. (E. g.He stood up for me to sit down. He is proud of his friend having won a prize. The lesson being over, we went home. ) infinitival predicative phrasesThe subjectival member of an infinitival predicative phrase is a noun. a noun phrase or a pronoun, the latter in the form of the objective case. The predicatival member of an infinitival predicative phrase is any form of the infinitive with or without words subordinate to it. The phrase is preceded by the preposition for forN/P/toV/P/ (for John to go there) forI toV/P/ (for something to happen) forI toV/?/ (for him to come late).Gerundial predicative phrasesThe subjectival member of a gerundial predicative phrase is a noun or a noun phrase with or without the morpheme s a possessive pronoun in the conjoint form or a personal pronoun in the objective case form and other pronouns. The predicatival member of a gerundial predicative phrase is any form of the gerund with or without words subordinate to it NPsV-ingP (young Johns coming late) NPV-ing P (young John coming late) IsV-ingP (his coming late) ImV-ing P (him coming late).Absolute predicative phrasesThe subjectival member of an absolute predicative phrase is a noun or a noun phrase, a personal pronoun in the nominative case or another type of pro-noun. The predicatival member of an absolute predicative phrase is a verb in the form of the participle or the infinitive, or a verb phrase with these forms as a head, or non-verbal parts of speech adjectives, adverbs, prepositional groupsNPV-ingP (his voice trembling with excitement) InV-ingP (it rising slowly) NPV-enP ( his thirst gone)NPtoV? (the expenses to be paid) In toVP (each to be defined) NPAP (his face very pale) NPD (breakfast over) NPpNP (hat in hand) NPpIm (her ba ck to him) NPNP (his separatrix a failure). Instances are not few when absolute predicative phrases are introduced by the prepositions with or without. (He looked at Mr. Micawber attentively, with his whole face breathing pathetic and quick in every feature. I left the room without anybody noticing it)

Personal Space and the Impact of Eye Contact Essay

As being a very important part of the pityings behavior, Personal Space and meat contact attracted a jam of scientists and research institutions. As Jeff Hughes and Morton Goldman (1978) require shown that how variations in core contact and of observational confederate affected the violation of soulfulnessal blank billet. Different mickle have different definitions to the term Personal Space. Personal Space whitethorn be denned as the area individuals maintain around themselves into which others cannot intrude without arousing soreness (Hayduk, 1978).Personal Space is often described as a riffle of space surrounding a person. Buchanan, Goldman & Juhnke (1977) defines Personal Space as a physical space surrounding an individual which, when intruded upon, generates an observable answer of discomfort or flight. The first factor to be considered that influences a persons individual(prenominal) space is body position. Whether a person is sitting down or standing up can gr eatly affect their personal space. Hartnett, Bailey and Hartley (1974) claims that for both the short and tall Os, the subjects were approached closer in the sitting position.From a territorial point of view, it could be that people believed that they are not really invading the personal space of others when they were in a position that seemed less threatening, which is sitting. The second factor to be considered that affects personal space is physical disability. Wright (1983) suggests that bad attitudes and perceptions about people with physical disabilities are highly retentive, and cannot be easily removed or changed. Kleck (1968) has too confirmed that people tend to give more personal space in sociable interactions to people with physical disabilities as compared to people without physical disabilities.A unsettled that has not been frequently manipulated in personal space research is snapper contact. As seen in field experiments conducted by Buchanan, et al. (1977), priapi cs generally prefer to shock the personal space of another male who did not offer very much nerve contact, rather than another male who offered direct eye contact. another(prenominal) experiment conducted by him shows that female subjects preferred to violate the personal space of a female confederate who established eye contact with them. It is also seen that females tend to avoid invading the personal space of males who had direct eye contact with them.However, females would rather violate the personal space of a male who are smiling at them and gazed directly at them, as compared to a male who had their backs turned. And according to Argyle and Dean, the eye contact is significantly cut down as proximity is increased and their finding that eye contact hot or is to be avoided as proximity increase suggests that variations in the steering a person gazes at others could affect intrusions into that persons personal space. From these readings, it is expected that when two people approach each other with eye contact, the personal space between them will be bigger than without eye contact.

The Welfare State

HISTORY OF THE WELFARE STATE The role and significance of the Beveridge newspaper in establishing the public assistance postulate in Britain. The purpose of this essay is to reckon at the long history of the Welfare State in Britain and the evolving social, frugal and political changes in society today, as well as the bloodline of the Welfare State after the Second area War which was the bend point (watershed) in British History.The freshly appointed Labour political relation by then took on the job of setting up a well-being invoke that would systematically deal with the quin jumbo diabolics proposed by William Beveridge in a overcompensate, which later became kn avow as the Beveridge musical theme. The British social welfare state, if it is to be defined, it is generally incorporated with Sir William Beveridge and the after state of war period.Welfare State is the impression in which government plays a key role in defend and promoting the economic and social we ll-being of its citizens, based on the principles of equal prospect in the distribution of wealth and public responsibility for those who inadequacy the negligible provisions for a good life, for example good health, education and base income (Abercrombie and Warde 2000). Is it the responsibility of a government to pass on for its citizen, what ab break the cost, because it can lede to ever-increasing public spending that the government may find difficult to sustain.According to Abercrombie and Warde (2000) the precondition welfare state was invented, following the Second World War when amicable policy was developing. During the Second World War, the coalition government headed by Winston Churchill, the hidebound party torch bearer deliberately planned the creation of a better Britain than the one in which many plenty prepare lived in the impoverishment-stricken 1930s.Plans were drafted and policies were generated which were to ensure that, in peacetime, in that respect would be a family digest system, good health upkeep for all, more jobs will be do available as well as creating new towns and adequate accommodate (Walsh et al, 2000). However, in 1941, during the Second World War, Sir William Beveridge was given a task by Winston Churchill (wartime prime minister of the coalition government) to head an interdepartmental committee of well-be be in possession ofd servants in an nvestigation and evaluate the national insurance policies as well as suggestions of ways to improve them (Addison, 2005). But, according to Walsh et al (2000) Beveridge went further than the original scathe of references given him. In the final statement know as the Beveridge report ( ), it was introduced by its architect, Sir William Beveridge, to the British parliament in 1942. Throughout this report, Beveridge kept mentioning the abolishment of penury which was believed to be the major problem at the time.He predicted major reforms in health, living accommodations , and education because the policies needed to attack the five giant evils were set out in detail in his report. The five giant evils were want, disease, ignorance, idleness and squalidness by which he meant leanness, unemployment, poor housing and lack of access to courteous education and health care. This report was radical and became popular partly because of its agreement of social aegis for all, and partly because it brings to mind the vision of the peacetime life promised by Winston Churchill at that time for which million were longing (Abercrombie and Warde 2000).Winston Churchill was not happy because the Beveridge report brought up issues which distracted deals attention from the Second World War as well as threatening to produce rock amid the coalition governments. He besides disapproved of the Beveridge report on the prime that no government could commit in advance the expenditure involved, thus, confusions between the Conservative and the Labour members and thi s affected his election champagne during the post war (Addison, 2005).William Beveridge recommendations based on social survey, were designed to tackle poverty in the main through the development of a national social security system, providing income security from the cradle to the grave( life -long) that will for the first time allowed the British people to have real income security that would be available to everyone heedless of means testing.As much as the five giant differs from each other, there is a connection between the five of them, for example, unemployment in society causes people to lack fiscally and this can lead to lack of good medical care, want, poor housing and etc. The Five giant evils Want, essentially this refers to poverty or lack, during the post war a lot of the British people were in need, they had no basic financial support and health care to keep them alive as well as keeping them to a higher place the poverty line by which income does not cover necessit ies.Due to lack of financial support people could not afford education and this resulted in lack of knowledge which is referred to as Ignorance, this was due to poor education. To founder matter blister there was no national health care because, this had to be compensable for, but there was no money and medical care was not free and this led to the outbreak of many diseases such as cholera, this was also linked to want, no money no medical care.Nevertheless, there were hospitals and tho the rich in society could afford medical treatment, however, today the welfare state had do medical treatment available for all disregardless of employment status. People were living in slums because there was poor housing and this was referred to as squalors, there is no difference today even though the welfare state has made provision for housing and some of these houses have been turned into slums by their occupant.Occupant of these houses dont care to keep these houses whitened because it cost them nothing, this giant is called Squalor, it is still with us today. The last giant was referred to as Idleness, this was due to the hangover from depressions from the time of unemployment, today some people have chosen to stay idle, because the state will feed and house them. As much as the welfare state is good, the Victorian exithouses would have been right-hand in dealing with idleness in society, because one would need to work at the workhouse in order to get help from the state.The Beveridge report was an authorized document because it set out critical policies for the attack needed to extirpate the five giant evils, though the five giant evils were not destroyed completely, however, the Beveridge report left a legacy, the NHS and now there is nothing resembling absolute poverty in Britain as compare to the years originally the Second World War when people use to actually respite in slum, therefore the Beveridge report was a blueprint on which the welfare state was emerged because it helped shape Britains social policies. (Naidoo and Wills, 2008). The publication of the Beveridge report was a great success.Majority of the British public welcomed the reports finding and wished to trance them implemented as quickly as possible according to an thought process poll (national archives, 2003). This shows the extent to which the population had shifted to the left wing (representing the Labour party) during the go of the Second World War. The post war election, in June 1945 resulted in a landslide victory for the Labour Party led by kind Attlee , who promised in their election campaign that they will tackle Beveridges five giant evils and established forward-looking Jerusalem which was reluctantly rejected by Winston Churchill.To implement the Beveridges report, the Labour party attacked the five giant evil by passing legislations, though they were not completely destroyed, however, one of the giant called disease, the most famous tackled by the Labour government left the state with a legacy, the 1946 National Health Service toy which meant free handy health care system for all beginning in 1948, though it was hugely expensive. In 1946 the national insurance act was passed to tackled the giant called want making provisions for the unemployed and pregnant women, pension for the retired and etc.The education Act 1944, a conservative idea to tackle ignorance so education was made free, the drill leaving age was moved to 16 years previously 15. In 1947 Labour passed the education act into law. In 1948 the employment and prep act was passed to tackle both ignorance and idleness making provision for school leavers , demobbed service men to train and established a skilled workforce. In addition, council house buildings and full employment was made possible by a better economy after the war. The five giants were tackled, but were not destroyed, because poverty has always lived with society.Comparably, there is nothing lik e absolute poverty in Britain today unlike before the welfare state when people had to make their homes in slums. Welfare states vary temporally as well as geographically. Like time welfare states do not stand still. Their development depends on choices made within restrictions (Powell, 1999). According to Marx (1999) welfare states make their own histories, but not within circumstances of their own choosing (cited in Powell, 1999). Today, the recommendations and policies that were detailed in the Beveridge eport to tackle poverty primarily through the development of a national social security system are still considered to provide the foundation of the modern welfare state References Lambert, T (2010). A plan History of Poverty online. Available from http//www. localhistories. org/povhist. html. Accessed on 25th January 2011 National entry (2003). The Welfare State online. Available from http//www. nationalarchives. gov. uk/pathways/citizenship/brave_new_world/welfare. htm. Acce ssed on 30th January 2011 Addison, P. 2005) Churchill The Unexpected Hero. New York Oxford University Press. Abercrombie, N. And Warde, A. (2000) Contemporary British Society. Third Edition. Cambridge Polity Press. Naidoo, J. and Wills, J. (2008) Health Studies An Introduction. Second Edition. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Lowe, R. (1999) The Welfare State In Britain Since 1945. Second Edition. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Powell, M. (1999) New Labour, New Welfare State? Bristol Policy Press. Osborne, R. and Loon, B. V. (2004) Introducing Sociology. Cambridge Icon Books Limited.

Hunger Games Book vs Movie Essay

The book and photo of the story The Hunger Games were corking Even though the photograph wasnt exactly alike it legion(predicate) similarities, but only a few differences. In my point of sight the book was better. The book had more description, the story line was great, and it was that every(prenominal) around an awesome novel. My favorite parts were the killings in the book, which in the icon they didnt use the same description and graphic in the movie as they did in the book.One of the kills that really stood out was one of the premier(prenominal) when a girl lit a fire in the set and the group that Cato led attempted to kill her but failed in a way they had sent Peeta back to finish him off in the book. In the movie they killed her right away. One of my favorite characters from rule 11 was named break away his death was sad. But before he died Katniss the main character from district 12 took care of escapes tribute partner so Thresh saved Katnisss life. Katniss was in fluencening to get a pile to save Peeta from dying cause she was really starting to care most him.This girl came up behind her took katniss to the ground and was p gear uping with knife she was passing game to kill her with, when thresh came up and took her off Katniss and beat her to death, then spared her life. Later, the games were winning so long they released hungry savaged dogs to hopefully speed up the games. They got to Thresh first as soon as his death the sound of a tummynon went off to signify his death in the book, but in the movie Cato killed him. Another death, in which I was excited for in the movie, was Catos death.Cato was the antagonist in the story, the leader of a group of people that naturalize their whole lives to participate in the games. In the book Peeta, Katniss, and Cato are the last(a) three tributes. Peeta and Katniss were walking and randomly a dog starts chasing them so the run to the cornucopia, a place where weapons and shelter is, Cato is wait ing thee for them so he can kill them and win the games. Well Peeta and Katniss run and get the top, Catos just waiting there for them Peeta Runs at him to fight him. They fight and Peeta throw him everyplace the edge to get attacked by the savage dogs.The book says that he lay there screaming and suffering for hours on end, the next morning is when he is relieved by Katniss shooting him in the head to end his life. In the movie She kills him immediately after they knock him off the edge. I was tone forward to him dying he was one of my least favorite characters. either in all the movie and book were both magnificent I would prefer reading the book first then comparing differences, the movie had many similarities, Too many to explain. Over all there werent very many differences, mainly it was only deaths that were different. P

How Film Technology Impacted Cinema’s Evolution Essay

Over the ordinal and twentieth centuries, stamp technology advanced greatlyand with an of all time-growing history of movies from which to plunge reference, subscribe-makers take for increasingly approached productions from fresher perspectives, while always employing the most neo equipment, in baffle to smash serve the audiences of their days. In Visions Of Light, a serial publication of interviews with directors and cinematographers explores how the evolution of microphones, lighting, learn, staging, cam periods and mounts has affected the translation of story into cinema in a variety of ways.When sound was first introduced, for shell, actors were forced to lean in juxtaposed to microphones that were hidden on the sterilises, in order to be better hearthus affecting their physical impression on camera (Bailey, VL). Also, the orgasm of sound affected the mobility of camerasand it was years before directors began taking moving shots again. yet after technology improve d, and the practice of adding audio in post-production took hold, did cameras become fluent once much (Bailey, VL).In Visions Of Light, Zsigmond even goes so far as to claim the advent of sound might have affected fritter aways ability to rise to a higher form of art. Furthermore, in the early years, the onset of color film collided with the aesthetic prerogatives of directors from the black-and-white era of cinema. The dark-and-light stark contrasts of early film had always supplied directors with a strong installation in a spiritualist built on more abstractedness e interrogationsbeing more removed from reality, due to their lack of color (Daviau, VL).The origination of red, yellow and blues, however, gradually eroded that surreal nature of young cinemaand left film-makers with a new spectrum of visuals to explore that were more grow in realityyet took away the artsier f be of the colorless picture (Daviau, VL). Finally, as the studios began to give way to more location sh oots, and more independently ground-breaking and inventive movie-making, more experimental cinematography began taking place, including the increase drill of techniques adopted from unintended effects of technologyand instructional mistakes on set.smartness and new cameras and lenses wedded to create unprecedented waves of evolution in cinema. The more relaxed embracing of happy accidents, such as random camera flares for instanceand other unique lighting effects (Hall, VL), eventually led to the deeper medium today, where visual artisans have a centurys worth of profuse and varied cinema to imitate, be inspired byand pay court of law toin order to further expand upon the apparent human motion to improve the film experience.Visions Of Light is an inspiring look into the history of filmand a revelatory expose of the methods by which we look for to represent our superlative tales into the constructs of cinemaand how technology and history have shaped the medium. By the magazin e a movie is played on screen, one is witness to immeasurable lifetimes of work, both in the perceived pieceas well as the endless sub-texts of cinema that came before it. The improvements of technology over time have both strengthened and handicapped cinema, enabling it to more accurately confiscate reality, while also rarifying the more abstract forms of black-and-white film and tranquil pictures.Future directors, of course, may yet return to the black-and-white medium, in order to screen the depths of their artbut they may also run into it more challenging than filming in color (Daviau, VL). Similarly, while sound changed movies from a purely visual form into a mixed disciplinedirectors who were to attempt to make a silent film today might find it more difficult to execute. Technology has allowed film to record reality betterwhile also blunting or limiting its inherent ability to translate more basic human emotions, through less colour or sound.Furthermore, as cameras have b ecome more sophisticated and economicalthe increased use of an independent, hand-held approach get out change the look-and-feel of film for the culmination generations, lending to it a more reality-based frameand for that very same reason, a more difficult platform from which to craft the abstract. Overall, as technology advances, film evolves into a much different form from the shape it started out. It is now a fuller and more complex mediumalthough perhaps less of a straightforward one.With each mounting generation, directors have to grapple with the new and big(p) questions about how to approach the entertainment and education of an audience. They have to learn how to emulate the traditional paths of films past auteursbut also, and equally importantly, to test the limits of the undiscovered country and new technology in cinema. Film-making as an art-form is ever-evolving and re-engaging its audiences in newer and more gripping ways.The language of the motion picture, however, is fundamentally limited by the science which allows itand so, in order to direct most effectively, every at last available trick of modern film-making must be employed, toward the end of present people something they havent seen before, and creating a synthesis that succeeds in overtake the sum of its parts. Newer technologies and angles must be embraced, in order to achieve a more honest form of surprise and catharsis, so that audiences are lastly moved and enlightened.For as technology evolves, so too does our tool set in the mediumproviding an endless art-form to perfect and exercise up to the high gear of cinema, as modeled by Citizen Kane. No patterns from past directors can ever be totally relied on, of course, in order to achieve the freshest cutting advance of new cinemabut those who are willing to learn the art as well as take risks and experiment in the non-traditional forms are the ones who will always create original and inspiring works.Thinkers and shapers who ar e bemoan to test tomorrows technologies and exploit their own mistakes are the ones who will consistently set the bar higherand allow the younger audiences to be livened up by the unexpected. Films suspension of disbelief, after all, dwells in the cameras ability to capture the world around usbut also, in the editing room, where unnecessary redundancies of past pictures are gelded backand re-hashed tricks of the trade are left on the cutting floor. just the bare bone advances of new cameras and exciting visual storytelling will make water the eye and mind long enough to engage future audiences. solo the visionaries of light and sound will remind people of their daily existences profoundly enough to be enthralled by the verisimilitude of it allwhile concurrently transporting them far enough away from themselves, that they will ultimately leave the theaters changed forever. working CitedVision Of Light. Samuels, S. Glassman, A. McCarthy, T. Glassman, A.. Daviau, A. Almendros , N. Bailey, J. Hall, C. Kovacs, L. Nykvist, S. Storaro, V. Wexler, H. Willis, G. Zsigmond, V. DVD. CBS FOX, 1993.

As Good as It Gets Summary

As Good As It Gets, a image about a man with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), has many kindle panoramas to an abnormal psychology student. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an care disorder in which people have unwanted and repeated thoughts, retrieveings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions). (Berger, 2012) There have been several unproven propositions as to what causes OCD including head injuries and infections.Those who have obsessive-compulsive disorder have been know to bugger hit certain signs and symptoms. This including excessive counting, disturbance from germs, excessive validity checking of actions such as turning off the stove, and of course obsessions and compulsions that result in major excruciation of their life. (Berger) In the movie, As Good As It Gets, Melvin experiences all the above symptoms in addition to many more. Not only did Melvin turn the lock on the door five addition clocks ever y time he came in the door, he also flipped the light switch five plus times.As far as Melvins fear of germs, he was non at all fond of being touched by anyone and also did not trust to use silverw are in restaurants. He would bring packaged bendable ware to use. When Melvin would wash his hands, he would use only hot water system and only use a bar of soap for about 5 to 10 seconds. He would then throw the bar of soap external and retrieve a new one from his overly stocked care for cabinet. His home was untouchably organized and he for the majority of the movie he wouldnt allow anyone other(a) than himself to enter his home. Melvin did not take being break up lightly, especially while working.He has no tolerance for people and didnt kill that aspect in any way. He said what was on his headspring without hesitation or worry of upsetting anyone or hurting his or her feelings. Melvin ate at the same restaurant at the same time every day. He would then sit at the exact same ta ble and demand to have the same waitress. If someone happened to be school term at his table, he would, without a second thought, speak rudely to them until they left. He would position his plastic ware very specifically and had no assiduity towards the restaurant employees.Some other obsessions/compulsions Melvin faced were that he avoided stepping on any cracks in his path including brick walkways and also while putting on his shoes he would tap each side of his shoes with each foot in the lead putting them on. Its hard to say how Melvin dealt with his disorder. It was clear that he avoided socialisation with those around him assuming because he did not want them to throw off his routine of interfere with his life and how he lived it. It could be that this is how he dealt with OCD.Another accident is that he simply followed his day-to-day routine to avoid change and thats what made his life easier. In event, this is a major possibility as Melvin was receiving therapy unless could not remain persistent in his appointments due to the fact that his therapy appointments messed up his daily routine. Melvin seemed to get by on the simplistic aspect of seeing his waitress everyday at the restaurant. Towards the end of the movie when Melvin had other people in his apartment it seemed to have set something off in him that caused him to act differently.An example being when he forgot to lock the door when he brought someone else into his apartment. When he went to leave his apartment and noticed he had forgotten to lock the door, he was shocked. OCD has been linked biologically to abnormal cognitive operation by specific regions of the top dog. (Comer, 2013) The orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei are part of a brain circuit that takes sensory information beginning in the orbitofrontal cortex and where simple impulses derive and those impulses are sent to the caudate nuclei where they are filtered by grandeur (based on how powerful the impulse is). If the impulses seem to be important they are sent to the thalamus to be acted upon. (Comer) It is obvious that if the filter (the caudate nuclei) is not functioning properly then unnecessary impulses will be sent to the thalamus for kick upstairs view and unnecessary actions will be made. Some antidepressant medications that subjoin serotonin activity have been found to improve cases of OCD. (Comer) slew who amaze OCD have been known to blame themselves for their compulsions, obsessions, and antagonizing thoughts.They have anxiety caused by thinking something bad will happen if they dont perform these actions. People with OCD also experience depression brought on by the constant thoughts and needing perfection. wizard form of discussion for this cognitive problem would be to attempt to undermine the thoughts. Neutralizing is a persons attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally, make up for the unacceptable thoug hts. (Comer)Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a very common anxiety disorder, which causes people to have repetitive unwanted thoughts and actions. It varies in its severity but in most cases it is treatable. The most popular forms and most effective forms of treatment are medication and therapy. There are many theories on causative factors but none to be proven yet. References Berger, F. K. (2012, March 03). Obsessive-compulsive disorder. Retrieved from www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov Comer, R. J. (2013). affected psychology. (8th ed. ). New York, NY Worth Publishers

Hitler Became Chancellor in 1933 Because He Was Leader of the Most Popular Party in Germany Essay

Hitler became prime minister in 1933 because he was attraction of the some(prenominal) popular ships company in Germany. How far you agree with this opinion? Hitlers appointment in 1933 sensnot be put tidy sum to just unmatch open factor. There were many influential occurrences leading up to his appointment barely overall the Great Depression seems to be the biggest factor as it started a chain reaction that overall led to Hitler world Chancellor of Germany. thence, condescension being the leader of the most popular party in Germany acting a part in Hitlers appointment as Chancellor it was not solely responsible and was also not the most of the essence(p) factor.An argument that could be use to show that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany is the idea that the Nazis used useful tactics which not solitary(prenominal) allowed them to gain utmost(a) popularity exactly also their leader, Adolf Hitler. Essentially , the Nazis clever strategies allowed Hitler to gain recognition. For example, the Nazis were incredibly good at changing their policies to suit their audiences at rallies. The Great Depression was also used to their party favor promoting Hitler as the saviour in their propaganda to incredible effect.Goebbels propaganda campaign was very effective and it won donjon for the Nazis and Hitler. Also, Hitler moved away from violence and realised that the only way he could receive true power was finished the Reichstag. The Nazis were able to win over the operative and middle classes by using their anti-Jewish propaganda for the working classes and for the middle classes and farmers they focussed on their policies on powerless and honourless Germany, do it swell again. No separate party focussed more on propaganda than the Nazis they were get the hang of propaganda.Their propaganda skills had the ability to change the publics opinions and views. It encompassed every aspect of Weima r Germany to inveigle millions of people into following them, their policies ranged from unemployment to the stab in the back myth of Versailles. This increase the appeal of the Nazis and as a result they increased their vote in the Reichstag in the next election of July 1932, increasing their number of seats to 230 and decent the largest party in the Reichstag.The Nazis used the problems with the economy and the Weimar republic to boost their support this is evident in the fact that as unemployment got worse, Nazi support increased. Therefore defecately, being the leader of the most popular party did have extreme benefits for Hitler in terms of helping him become Chancellor due to gaining popularity through the party. Having said that, the idea that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany to an extent can be argued to be untrue as briefly discussed the wobblynesses of the Weimar government also played a buy the farm role.Mor e specifically, pillowcases happening extraneous of Germany such as rampart Street Crash The Great Depression. Germany suffered the consequences due to the collapse of share prices on the New York Stock Exchange more than any other country. US loans and investment ceased and demands quickly followed for the repayment of anterior short-term loans. Also, the crisis caused a yet decline in the price of food and raw materials as the change nations reduced their imports. As demands for exports collapsed world trade slumped and German industry could no longer pay its way.The argument could therefore be made that without this event the Nazis whitethorn not have become the most popular party. later all, the partys popularity came from anger and bitterness of Weimar. Therefore, people turned towards the radical political parties. Yet many workers turned to communism but this panicked wealthy businessmen, so they financed Hitlers campaigns. Many middle-class people, alarmed by the obvio us failure of democracy, decided that the country needed a rigid government. The depression of 1929 created poverty and unemployment, making people angry with the Weimar government.Overall, this argument clearly signifies that Hitlers appointment to become Chancellor was not just down to him being leader of the most popular party in Germany events outside Germany lead to Weimar failing miserably which also played a clear role. Nazis electoral achiever in 1932 did to an extent have an partake and therefore, can be used to argue that Hitler became Chancellor in 1933 because he was leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the elections to the Reichstag in July dictum the Nazi percentage of the vote increase to 37. 3 per cent, making it the largest party in the Reichstag. This was a sensational breakthrough.As the largest political group in the Reichstag, they had a mandate from the German people to be involved in the government. Clearly, this indicates that whilst th e Nazi party looked increasingly powerful, their leader Hitler did so too making him more well known throughout the country. This argument is also reinforced by the thought that it is after all, down to being the leader of the Nazis because the command parties would not work together despite the fact that together they would be toilsomeer than the Nazis and therefore, weaknesses of other parties contribute to Hitler and the Nazis looking stronger.This strength made Hitler more realised as a political figure giving him a clear favor. However, in comparison to the previous argument another reason for Hitlers Chancellorship was Von Papen indicating that Hitler did not become Chancellor just due to being the leader of the most popular party in Germany. After all, the Nazis gained electoral success in 1932 but Hindenburg still refused to make Hitler Chancellor indicating despite being the leader this did not put Hitler in an advantageous position. Yet, Von Papen had been Chancellor in the first place Hitler and had become close friends with President Hindenburg.This played much to Hitlers advantage as Papen offered to convince Hindenburg that Hitler was the right choice for the brisk Chancellor provided Papen could be Vice Chancellor. Von Papen managed to convince Hindenburg, along with various other politicians that Hitler was the best choice. Without Von Papen, Hitler may not have managed to initially become Chancellor or at least not until later than January 1933. This combined with the idea that previous governments were weak and lacked support made a clear sign for that Germany needed change. Hitler was something new and had clearly opposed the idea of a democracy from the start.As the German public started to go against the Republic their support turned to the opposing and only differing view of Hitler. He was different to the past chancellors such as Von Papen who represent failed governments. He portrayed himself through propaganda and in speeches a s a strong and powerful leader who could lead Germany out of this depression and unrest and thats what the German public needed at the time. After all, Hindenburg had no other alternative but to place Hitler as Chancellor due to the failures of previous governments and Hitlers growing support from people close to Hindenburg.Also, other fusty elites believed that Hitler was a man that could easily be tamed and kept at a lower place control. This gave him an advantage over the Communists, as Hindenburg believed he wouldnt be able to control the communists if he supported them. This is therefore important in the eventual(prenominal) appointment of Hitler as Chancellor as without the support of the conservative elites, it is knotty as to whether or not Hitler would actually have gained power. Even, when in the July 1932 the NSDAP won 230 seats, becoming the largest party in Germany,Hindenburg did not appoint Hitler Chancellor. Hence, it is hard to judge why anything would have chang ed without considerable pressure being mounted on Hindenburg from business. In particular, without the support of von Papen and his supposed ability to control Hitler, Hindenburg would certainly not have been persuaded. Clearly then, these conservative elites had at least some impact in bringing about Hitlers time as Chancellor. Also, the misjudgement of von Papen and Hindenburg in believing that they could control Hitler is crucial in explaining the overall Nazi gaining control of power.

Political Poetry by Margaret Atwood

Backdrop addresses cowman by Margaret Atwood Creating a masterful poetic battlefront with the American fictionos, Atwood skewers manifest destiny by embodying the theatrical office staff of the Other, the remove I am. Writing policy-making poetry that artfully confronts dominant policy-making theory thus exposing the motivation and effects of misrepresentation is a difficult ch every(prenominal)enge. The bear on can easily be derailed by temptations to write strident, overly instructive verse that elevates sentiment above nuance and craft.While passion is certainly important, it is the verse form itself that transforms political intent into a dynamic act of oppositional literature. To be impressive as a statement, it must first be effective as a verse. In Backdrop addresses cowboy, Margaret Atwood delivers a scathing indictment of imperialistic bureau that, through its elegant craft and conceptual framework, is also a breathtakingly vibrant poetry. The core messag e, a potent denunciation of heady power from the perspective of those who suffer its consequences, is simultaneously unequivocal and oblique.Though Atwoods indictment is quickly apparent, close reading reveals a brilliant poetic foundation comprised of nuanced language, double- imports, and a metaphorical structure that satirically lambasts American exceptionalism by skewering the individualist cowboy apologue with imagery from its own construction. In short, Atwoods poem succeeds as a political statement because she allows the demands of exceptional poetry to drive its articulation. From the out strike off, Atwood chooses language that economically expands the kernel of each phrase.For example, Starspangled, the poems first word, focuses a personification of cowboy mentality into a subtle critique of nationalist manipulation. In addition, another(prenominal) connotations come to mind, homogeneous starry-eyed, or the gaudiness of spangles. Even elements internal to the Americ an anthem apply bombs bursting, a nation under siege, victory against all odds. Though speculative, a reading like this is supported by the poems representation of a cowboy who violently protects his own interests in an imagined landscape filled with heroes and villains.Regarded as a heroic figure by the myth of manifest destiny, he is conversely seen as a reckless tyrant by those who suffer the effects of his ferocity. The first stanza reveals a curious figure Starspangled cowboy sauntering through his child-like fantasy while pulling a prop from the Hollywood simulacrum that supports his myth. Atwood complicates this image in the second stanza when she introduces violence to her almost- /silly characterization of the mythical West. Using a line wear out to accentuate the transition, she plays the impact of a stand-alone line against the expanded meaning of its grammatical context. Isolated, line six (you are innocent as a bathtub) relates directly to the opening stanzas child- like caricature, forming an aphoristic trope that is both interesting and oddly mundane. Accentuated by the break, the lines reading adds spectacular nuance when its sentence unfolds into a broader meaning you are innocent as a bathtub / filled with bullets. Contrasting the ironic character of irrelevant readings (innocent and not-at-all-innocent) within the space of shared words, Atwood foreshadows an overall conceptual structure in which backdrop refers both to the simulacrum of Hollywood sets and to the genuine environment of a beleaguered world. Despite its obvious quantitative reference, bathtub / filled with bullets also infers a Hollywood cliche the bullet-riddled bathtub that reinforces a foot inherent to the myth if youre not ready to fight, theyll get you when youre vulnerable.An inference like this reflects back on the subtle statement of the earlier use of starspangled a nation that imagines itself as besieged can use that camouflage as justification for militarism a nd imperialist expansion. Again, supported by the poem, these significations demonstrate a tangled structure that works internal logic to frame an effective (and damning) political statement. Oppositions and Conceptual Structure This is a poem about power and disenfranchisement.It employs oppositions as a conceptual device to turn manifest destiny on its head. Exploding the cowboy myth by use of its own imagery and overarching theme of heroes and villains, Atwood draws complex parallels to American exceptionalism, a black and white ideology that drains people of color from alternative perspectives. By use of satire, she effectively removes the shroud that justifies questionable actions as being both inevitable and heroic. As stated in the title, the voice of this poem is that of backdrop (i. . the environment of scenes portrayed by the myth and recontextualized by the poem) addressing cowboy. The expanding focus on cowboy and his violent milieu reaches a oarlock in the fifth sta nza when the Hollywood backdrop is fully exposed, and the speaker lastly reveals herself. Using the word ought (implying mandatory obligation), she questions her expected role on the set (passive, hands clasped / in admiration) while asserting, I am elsewhere. verbalise as backdrop, and expanded in the final stanzas, this statement implies a conceptual flip wherein backdrop becomes subject, inhabiting an environment desecrated by the reckless actions of a transient cowboy. Simulacra In the essay Simulacra and Simulation, philosopher Jean Baudrillard states, The simulacrum is never that which conceals the accuracyit is the integrity which conceals that there is none. The simulacrum is true. While Baudrillard perhaps overstates his case, the site is clear actions instigated and justified by myth play an undeniable role in shaping both material and social reality.Applying this concept to Atwoods poem, manifest destiny can be seen acting as truth in its own regard concealing no tr uth, because instead it has replaced truth with artifice. Accordingly, cowboy becomes backdrop to the postmodern world from which Atwood addresses the genuine existence of other, more substantial truths conveniently denied by myth. The Alternative Power of Effective meter As representation itself, replete with borrowed imagery and the detritus of experienced consequence, this poem enacts a self-reflexive reversal of the social forces it speaks against.With a vocabulary full of bullets, Atwood crafts a poem that stands the test of both truth and time yet does so peacefully, through an act of oppositional literature. Whether her poem is construed as feminist, environmentalist, post-colonial, or just-plain-political (from a Canadian perspective), its loyalty is affirmed by continued relevance. Written in the mid-seventies, it speaks just as powerfully in our current era. In terms of effective poetics, how legal is that?

Hebrew Israelites Essay

A psychologist is planning to conduct a study that would go steady pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationships. You have been asked to provide the psychologist with a recommendation for which interrogation method should be used to gather data on the pathological liars and their spouses.Using the table below list each research method and its advantages and disadvantages for use in this study.Make your recommendation to the psychologist and explain the rationale behind your choice. Your response should be 100-200 wordAfter reading and pinch the 5 methods of research, my recommendation would be to use a combination of naturalistic observation and case study. Being that the research will be through with(p) on pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationship, I thought the go around way to get true research would be to go the much natural ways. Naturalistic observation is observing the participant in their perfunctory life, and what better way to understand someones relationship because seeing how they interact on a day to day basis. in that respect are also, disadvantages to naturalistic method, the participants may not act as they would do normally, and since this research is on pathological liars, that may not be full affective. That is where I believe using the case study method would be helpful, using different methods, such as interviewing the spouses separately and preforming psychological tests.

Advantages and disadvantages to have a car Essay

Cars ar today something useful for society. However there be a lot of advantages and disfavours when owning a car. In my opinion and one of the advantages is that you fag end move around freely because you batch decide the place you provide visit and when to go. Furthermore you do not waste time delay for buses or depending on timetables. Other advantage is that it does not take you so long to go to different places. On the other hand, they be polluting and they are dangerous because a lot of people are irresponsable when driving as they drink or drive dangerously or speed. Other disadvantage is that they are very expensive. Not only to buy them but as well as to keep them. Petrol is likewise expensive and the maintanance.In conclusion, cars are earnestly invention but they are not toys and you have to be amenable when you drive and of course you must have money. Advantages and disadvantages to have a car Cars are today something useful for society. However there ar e a lot of advantages and disadvantages when owning a car. In my opinion and one of the advantages is that you flowerpot move around freely because you can decide the place you can visit and when to go. Furthermore you do not waste time delay for buses or depending on timetables. Other advantage is that it does not take you so long to go to different places. On the other hand, they are polluting and they are dangerous because a lot of people are irresponsable when driving as they drink or drive dangerously or speed. Other disadvantage is that they are very expensive. Not only to buy them but also to keep them. Petrol is also expensive and the maintanance.In conclusion, cars are good invention but they are not toys and you have to be amenable when you drive and of course you must have money

My Culture and Background

I was born and raised in southeast Asia, Philippines. It consists of 7,107 islands and each one of them has each own dialect and tribes that lives in plain part of the bea. My mom is a Spanish Filipino and my dad is a Chinese. I embraced two cultures with no problems. Both cultures molded me strongly with values, ethics, theology and economics. It plays a vital role of who I am now. Let me vex by telling you that in my country, the Spanish colony conquered the Philippines in 1621. Magellan named the archipelago in the honor of King Phillip of Portugal at that time.My great great grandfathers were baptized as a Catholics and was given Spanish names by them. Until now, this still exist. We equal their dialect and even bewilder Spanish alphabets too. I and my siblings grew up in a very strict Catholic management and Dad would authorize of it even though he is not a Catholic further a Buddist. Very conflicting, right? At early age, we were trained done various tasks. I learned how to slaughter a chicken at the age of 9. indeed, I and my siblings lived in dormitory where our school has one at that time. From preschool until my high school yrs, thats where I considered my second home.I study in Chinese school and all of us were taught in a communist way. Example is we are not allowed to wear jewelries and the further intimacy that was allowed at that time is a watch. Then the hair shouldnt be longer than the collar of the white blouse uniform. The allowance was given by the matron . Then our time was being scheduled every day. It was hard because we were trained deal soldiers. It was a very rigid training for us. I was trained not to be late on any appointment. I was used to it until now. I and my siblings studied in a Chinese school. From Pre-K to high school.It is to educate us about Chinese language so that when we go to visit our Chinese relatives, we know how to communicate and understand. (If you dont know the Chinese dialect, you bequeath feel outcast from the family). For the most part, Chinese and Filipino customs are similar to each other. Regarding the family values, it is a very strict custom that we should ever so take care of our elders. Also, we are not allowed to talk back to them and if you formulate something when they are talking to you or reprimanding you, this is showing to them that you are disrespecting them.Also, we dont sport divorce in our country. Marriage is sacred there. We still have a courtship, engagement and a dowry. This goes for a brides price. I am a cultural diversity. It came a big surprise for me too when I came here in United States. I thought there is only one or two cultures mixed together but I was wrong. The culture here is totally very much different or opposite rather than what I grew up with. It was a culture dishonour for me. People here dont hold or hold on an eye on their tongue when they talk to you, rude by any means or praising you.They dont care about how you feel. The y also have racial discrimination. This is totally a big conflict to what I am. For me, I was taught not to say any bad or disrespectful or even words that will hurt somebodys feeling. Then, how mass handle their relationship here, its equal nobody cares to save the conglutination anymore. Couples fight in terms of money, child custody and infidelity. We worked hard to keep our marriage intact for the sake of our family and kids. The vows for us is sacred. Our families dont like broken marriage, it is shameful to the family if there is one.And the most important of all, kids or younger generation dont know how to respect the elders anymore. They would call you with your origin name even if you are related to them. Its like some(prenominal) of you are of the same age. These are all very disturbing for me. save somehow, I adjusted and respect it somehow. Accepting the way things or stack and blending with other culture and learning from it is a good way to learn more. But I wo nt depart from what I was taught and I am happy and contented the way I am.

How war dehumanizes people Essay

During the war people were deprived of their for constantlyyday necessities and in any case their living conditions, They never got the luxury of sleeping in big fond(p) clean beds or tear down clean clothes therefore changing the way they act and the way look at things such as murder. During the war you go through the trenches and fields reflexion people die, and even killing people themselves. Everyday people would non be adequate to(p) to just sit there and watch soulfulness as they behind die. The narrator of this sassy, Charles Yale Harrison was enlisted in the war. Charles explained everything that went on during is outings, some of which were exquisite harsh and deep I could only imagine some of the things that he probably was not allowed saying. Charles had a few main buddies whom stuck by his side and fought with him. In this novel he tells us the things he saw some of the things he explained were pretty gory, for example he watched people as their flesh tore f orth and blood gushed everywhere.War definitely dehumanizes people for the most part. Soldiers dont have as much sympathy for the people who are death its almost as if they really dont fretting but being that must be kind of necessary for a soldier because you cant really sit there and war cry over a friend who is dying while your enemies were slowly front crawl up on your base. During war you do things you never thought you could ever do in your lifetime such as stabbing someone in the stomach or shooting a man in the face. I lunge forward aiming at his stomach. It is a lightning instinctive moment. The make jerks my body something heavy collides with the point of my weapon. Charles says. I doubt Charles would have ever been able to do this without spending months in war, with the same platoon and even watching them all slowly die.