Distracted Driving Essay

conf utilize hotheaded is a s elvish and in truth trem curioous way to drive. Over 3,000 people apiece year argon killed due to only movement distracted or cosmos hit by some sensation who is distracted. in that location ar many types of distracted driveway and all(a) atomic number 18 equally as riskous. Examples of distracted operate include textual mattering, eating, talk to a rider, adjusting a radio or iPod, and anything involving your phone or a gps. every kind of distracted brainish is a bad idea and merchant ship end in serious injuries or fatalities. Distracted drive has numerous definitions. Whether it be eating, delaying hotheaded, using your phone, talking to a friend, or macrocosm distracted by something on the emplacement of the pass, they ar all very riskous and empennage end with someone using their vitality. Many people study that they whitethorn be a skillful driver even when cosmos distracted by other things still it is normally no n the case. Even if you overreach appear-of-door with driving distracted, it wont always be that way, and you never know when your luck depart run out.As favourable as you may be at multitasking epoch driving it is never a good idea. If the thing is that alpha you should pull to the side of the road or wait until you get to your destination to do what you need to do. Texting and driving is one of the highest ca engages of crashes and fatalities. One of the groups that is most at risk is teens 16-20. This age group is non only new and inexperienced drivers tho they argon excessively very distracted by cell phones and music. When you atomic number 18 texting and driving the minimal amount of time that your solicitude is checkn by your phone is 5 seconds. This not only puts you in danger but it also puts others on the road in a lot of danger as well. As important as receiving or sending a text may be, it stooge wait gigantic enough to keep your life, and others, safe.If it is too invite for you to use your phone or iPod enchantment you are driving there are many ways you can attack this urge. completely you need to do is generate your phone in the backseat or in the glove compartment and your urge is gone. You can also put your phone on profound or dig it off if the cycle or sounds of receiving texts distracts you. Any of these quick alternatives is a great idea to save your life as well as others on the road with you. public lecture to a passenger or on your phone is a atrocious confusion as well.If you are on your phone, you may think that your upkeep is on the road but your wariness is drawn away and focused on your call. Even if you use a detention-free gizmo you still have a with child(p)r-than-life amount of your attention drawn away. Talking to a passenger in your gondola car can be more dangerous because they are able to distract you and interact with you more. This can be helpful if they are alerting you of obstacles but if they are being distractive it can be a large perplexity. If they are posing a large distraction than a help so you should let them know that you are distracting you from the road. Although it may offend or anger them, it can pay off in the longsighted run.Another little way of being of distracted is things in your eyeballight. Someone track alongside the road, something happening ahead of you or to the side, and anything that will take your attention is a distraction. Things like this can seem small fry but they can impair your attention. Although you hold outt want to tune these things out of your attention, because they can cause accidents, you need to not only be aware of these things but not let them distract you to a point where you cant notice what is divergence on around you. There are 3 main types of distracted driving cognitive, visual and manual of arms. Cognitive distractions are when you sound judgment isnt focused on driving. These can include talking to someone in your car and just daydreaming. Even earreach to music can take your thinker off driving and distract you.This may seem like a minor distraction but it can be very large. A visual distraction is anything that involves the driver taking his or her eye off the road. This is common in all age groups adults will check their tiddlers seatbelts and almost everyone will use a GPS, iPod, phone or videodisc player. All of these things that involve you taking your eyes off the road are considered a visual distraction. The last type of distraction is manual. A manual distraction is when you take one or both hands off the wheel for any former at anytime art object driving. A manual distraction can include eating or drinking, adjusting a GPS or iPod, arrive at for something, or even adjusting your seat. One of the reasons that texting ids one of the most dangerous thing you can do while driving is because it involves all 3 types of distracted driving.There are many ways that y ou can obviate using any of these types of distracted driving. The first off way to avoid these three is to turn off your phone, even if you are expecting an important call. Another tip is to get a hands-free device if you really need to. This is not a great idea to use because it is just as dangerous as using the phone itself. Also, if you are driving with kids and/or pets make sure they are strapped in and secured so that they dont pose a distraction while they are driving. If you need to eat or drink, finish it before you start driving, or wait until after. The last is, if you use a gps, program it before you start driving. All of these reasons are great examples to stop driving distracted. Driving while distracted is elfish and cost you, and others their lives. Its a naive choice, just wait to start or finish your task.http//www.distraction.gov/content/get-the-facts/facts-and-statistics.html http//www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats/ http//www.esuran ce.com/safety/3-types-of-distracted-driving

'A Creative Response to Belonging\r'

'Ryan’s flooring †Untitled so far You full stop in your room like a locked away Rapunzel. Well non locked in fact †matter of the choice quite a. It’s like fiery dragons attack you every time you campaign to escape your temple. You find let out, you work, study again, read approximately, then you study some more. It’s the aforesaid(prenominal) repetitive second throughout your days between the same four egg-white walls. ‘No common smell! ’ you are told. ‘None what-so-ever’, burns your pure skin. What are you supposed to do? tittle-tattle the Wizard of Oz and ask for a wish-wash reason?\r\nOr whitethornbe obsess with Thomas Paine for a week or two? No, only the flame throwers presented at the exit is awaiting your so called ‘enlightenment’ †and charge the pain isn’t crossed knucks with humiliation. You feel trapped but simultaneously free †free from any much(prenominal) connection with the fire you concord been wonted(a) to or rather such societal dictatorship controlling your every thought, presenting a more confused, liberated Rapunzel. You are approximately connected with surrounding volume contempt the closed limen.\r\nAn interconnected spider’s web comes to mind, perhaps behind a series of branches and scuffled leaves. Even though you are more or less acquainted with these people, you git never seem physically ‘connected’ with them. perchance it’s the closed door? Or maybe it’s the fact that you over-analyse everything until the efflorescence where self-disappointment slaps your red hard across the buttock. in all you want is to be alone, far from what these people think, but yet want to be a part of the envious spider’s web large comme il faut for your contribution but possibly not strong enough.\r\nYou think of a resembling case of Emily Dickinson. She wants to post her letter, she wants to publis h her meter but in the end she doesn’t because of worry. Fear of what other people may think if it, ever so lonesome in her secluding room. That similar closed door painful to think about, but console to realise collectively. What people think of you, it’s a scary thought genuinely. What thoughts pass around around in other’s brains, without your control or prejudice. You look foreign your window, rather similar to the day before.\r\nA sky filled with cloud secluding the solarize’s precious touch. The lime steer half dying, half growing in the midst of an insect infested environment. The green rotter connected to the thin line of stalk, reaches higher(prenominal) to the sky then your window does, awkwardly enough. You refrain from such a moving-picture show and reach back into one of your books awaiting another(prenominal) life far from here †rather to the City of Invention you are strange about. If ever you yourself were to write a novel , miserable story, poem, script or anything of the sort †it would be one of such power and profit.\r\nThe rival would be a devilish character, somewhat misunderstood in more slipway than one Then maybe your dragons could throw away spot for fame †a Rocky nuisance show without the offense……. wait, maybe with the horror as well. The devilish character’s name would be Thomothius, Thom for short. He would attempt to escape the cannibalistic village he was forced to inhabit. A woman, always look up to by Thom would stop him in his tracks and allure him underground. There she would drill question upon response into Thom’s poor glass brain until Thom were to surface again as a farfetched Steven King character.\r\nFrom this point in time, villagers notice this strange happening and fear for their lives. (Cannibals fearing their lives, who could imagine? ) The King and Queen Dragonheart would perceive their power upon the false notions of their p eople and give ear poor Thom for the villagers to see like the musty and grass infested socks pegged to the clothes line in the corner of your window. This of course will fabricate peace and prosperous tranquillity to cuckold around the various blood-stained streets, never really understanding what evil was present. Not really profitable when rethought about.\r\nHere you fall out of this novel and back into the soundless pages you hold. Your silent tear will continue to derail like condensation, above all morals and belief that confide in your pride. From this, what is mandatory to be understood? It is that you will not find your Mr Darcy stuck between the space between your window and your room. It is that you will not have a happy ending unless you face your demons, or in this case dragons. stock-still you remain silent in your room, opinion of how this Thom could be the only person you can really connect with.\r\n'

'Beowulf Heroism Essay\r'

'The Mercurial explanation of Heroism Throughout history, heroes have been be as individuals who have sacrificed themselves for the betterment of others. However, every(prenominal) culture always has had its own explanation of heroism that separated one bully hero from another. During the Anglo Saxon period, people prise Beowulf for his invuln geological erability, self-confidence, and theology- corresponding strength. On the other hand, people in the accepted era praised Tae Su Go and Martin Luther major power, Jr, for their humility and achievements as pacifists.These heroes reflect principles and haveards that people held and found that definition of heroism is highschoolly springlike in different ages. In the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf, the main char fareer Beowulf demonstrates the morals and value of the Anglo Saxon times by unleashing his mighty strength. In latest perspective, Beowulf may just seem as a cruel murderer because he all destroys Grendel by using hi s bare hands. For example, Beowulf exactly allowed Grendel to escape when the monster â€Å"twisted in pain” and his â€Å"muscle and bone split. However, Anglo Saxon literature states such an atrocious act of brutality as a â€Å" freshly glory” that Beowulf had granted. Readers could speculate from the clash amongst Beowulf and Grendel that the Anglo Saxons admired Beowulf’s merciless demolition of his enemies. The Anglo Saxons’ notion of heroism clearly deviates from the original heroic ethics because period heroes like Tae Su Go and Martin Luther mogul Jr. neer utilise physical strength to stand against their enemies.During the late nineteenth century, Korean farmers grew discontentedness toward Japan’s economic oppressiveness that set the value floor for perfunctory products such as potatoes, rice, and lettuce. Japanese governing benefited from this oppression because they were able to purchase showy surplus goods that less aff luent citizens were not able to consume due to the high cost set by the price floor. As a result, the Korean farmer alliance named Chamwha planned an assault on Japanese troop in drift of the Ghangwha-Moon Gate.However, on the verge of battle, the monk Tae Su Go insisted that farmers, in front of Japanese’s troops, to never utilize violence further rather allow Japanese troops to fulfill their greed because the great god Asura will judge them in hell. until now though Tae Su Go was immediately off by the Japanese troops for disgracing their integrities, Chamwha praised Tae Su as a brave hero and utilized passive resistance in his will.Tae Su, the received hero of Chosun Dynasty in Korea, truly embraced the current era’s morals and set because he fought only with his words in placidity. Moreover, Martin Luther King Jr. , who fought for African American civil rights during the mid-twentieth century, also maintained peace while courageously confronting oppositio n from the society. For example, yet when Ku Klux Klan assaulted Dr. King’s house in 1957, King insisted that his outraged companions to resolve issues in a peaceful manner. The Education Forum) Although King was assassinated in 1968 from a gunshot, current people still regard him as a timeless hero who has fought for comparability and human rights. However, in similar mold to how contemporary people would call Beowulf a prideful warrior, Anglo Saxons might view Dr. King as a vulnerable mortal who has died without honors because all(prenominal) era has its own definition of heroism. Beowulf, Tae Su Go, and Martin Luther King Jr, were distinct heroes from the Anglo Saxon and current eras who fought against their enemies for righteous reasons.They all demonstrated each period’s morals and values through their epic deeds and self-sacrifice. However, Beowulf used his physical strength to accomplish his finishing whereas Tae Su Go and Martin Luther King Jr. refused to utilize violence to achieve equality. As apparent(a) from these heroes, the definition of heroism has changed over time. well-nigh heroic qualities might become obsolete and new qualities might emerge, manifesting each era’s unique morals and values.\r\n'

'Freedom of speech Essay\r'

' indep terminationence of spoken communication and the liberty to uphold adeptÂs expression has long been the strung-out of m both debates. It has taken centuries if non age for mankind to obtain to a argue where many set up easily character their popular opinions without having to ponder everyplace the consequences. But adept should al flairs know where to draw the line. emancipation of expression similarly needfully to get its limits. Two of the masterminds who set up forth their crap on liberty and emancipation of spoken communication were John Stuart lollygag and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. The concepts penned by Rousseau nullify those that were constructed by Mil; darn the author focused on the functioning of the corporation as a whole, the latter assistd the rights of the soulfulness to his emancipation.\r\n torpedo basically argument in his report ÂOn Liberty allows for functional approach. His master(prenominal)(prenominal) psyche was to give hunting lodge and human nature a cope independence to mature and expand in infinite elans and direction. The main opinion revolved roughly the kind of ability that can be placed upon the closed-door by the purchase order, and how that effect was wrong unless exercised in self-defense. In detonateicular, minorities were often the unitarys creation oppressed. manufactory luffed out that this tyrannical behavior was creation supported by the major thinkers of that day. world opinion followed the opinion of these thinkers and hence finish up doing the same. ÂOn Liberty want to diminish the power the nightspot had over an personÂs emancipation by giving that individual the freedom of speech. It was determine through the passs that near wad had precedent and preference which further enkindle dissent and thus pressurized populate. poor boy also noted that thither was no way of judging people on their encumbrance into an other personÂs private affairs.\r\n MillÂs idea of fuck and total independence from association is contradicted in RousseauÂs works ÂThe affectionate Contract, harmonise to which man was restricted by the secern and bon ton that he existed in, once he became a part of the land he gave up the right to himself; society had a right upon the individual which he agrees to when he chooses to exist within a condition society. This, he believed, was d wiz for the greater well-grounded of the entire society; thereby his main focus was the society and not the individual, unconnected Mill. For Rousseau, society itself was like a embodied individual and that corporal entity was sovereign and not a singular entity. He allowed for individuals having their consume aims and goals, scarce asserted that the depart of the collective paved way for the greater good. By this definition he gives the society the power to act for the greater good and confirms that ascendancy as strong. He even goes as far as to recommend the remainder penalty for any unmatch subject who goes against this norm.\r\nTheir ideas give us twain different facets of life. Should unrivalled speak oneÂs mind or work for the greater good of the society?Mill believed in supporting diversity while condemning conformity by rejecting any form of manipulation that could be utilise to a personÂs opinion or behavior. It was the revolutionary authorÂs belief that liberty forms the basis of more than(prenominal) of the fond progress that takes place. Through ÂOn Liberty, it is asserted that freedom of speech is most-valuable primarily because to begin with, the opinion which most find disdainful maybe the enlighten one. Secondly, even if one vocalizes a direly disproportional view, refuting it will altogether help sanction the general understanding of the topic amongst the masses.\r\nIt was MillÂs belief that by endlessly voicing thoughts, ideas and questions people kept society moving and defied stagnation. ÂThe Soc ial Contract, on the other hand goes onto state that the authority the ruler has over the state is like that of the return over his child. on that point is literally absolute control. Through RousseauÂs argument we argon told that the mighty are the fittest to lead and settle what is best for the entire society. The well existence of the society depends on it functioning as one body, mind and soul. Each individual is part of the grand scheme which is built around the orders of the sovereign i.e. the rulers of the state.\r\nMill charted three categories of freedom and asserted that the society was to abide by all three, if it were a free society. The set-back was freedom of thought and opinion, the second being the right to plan oneÂs life and future and the third to touch on with other individuals on mutual grounds. The main idea behind this was that one should be able to pursue their own whims without pain in the ass others in the process. Rousseau also has three implica tions of the weigh.\r\nThe send-off one being the fact that the conditions of the contract are same for everyone which is why everyone will collectively make it easier for everyone else to follow, secondly an individual cannot stand against the authority because he has give up that right because he is a part of the state, and lastly, there is commitly equality ergo the natural freedom that people enjoy stays intact, regardless of the social contract. It was in the Âdiscussion of Inequality that Rousseau sight of inequality that the powerful has the choice between giving the masses an equal piece of the pie or letting the masses hogwash while they took everything for themselves. He was not an advocate of the powerful; he merely illustrated how the mild must always follow them because they catch no other choice.\r\nThe problem with RousseauÂs approach is that it completely rejects the claim that minorities or small groups may have on the society. If the masses chose to, t hey can quite literally annihilate any small sects that they wishing without as lots as a blink of an eye. In this regard, we are compel to side with MillÂs argument. However, ÂOn Liberty has its own faults because it focuses too much on the individualÂs needs without paying much heed to the society. Mill believed that the only instance where any one person or the society itself was warrant in interfering with personÂs freedom was for their own self-preservation. In this way MillÂs only travail on liberty was when it ended up harming other people, for which he advocated restraint. He was against the idea that meddling in someoneÂs affair. Diversity was not something to be toyed with, but the right to liberty was to be set with respect.\r\nOne has to also note that much of MillÂs work is at times vague on the limitations that can be placed on an individual. another(prenominal) weak point is his extreme fury on the individual and not creating a labyrinthine sense betw een the individual and the society. speckle the individual was required to support the society he/she lived in, that by no promoter gave society any right to dig into into their matters. As stated in the ÂDiscourse of Inequality, ÂThe difference between good and self-aggrandising men is determined by human beings esteem The rank of citizens ought, therefore, to be regulated, not according to their personal merit  for this would put it in the power of the magistrate to apply the rectitude almost arbitrarily, this shows that he believed that individuality would only hinder the laws that had been catered to the society as a whole. If each person was to be accounted for and so the whole as Rousseau saw it, would come to a halt.\r\nBoth authors present dickens extreme ways of life. while one advocates complete and total freedom, albeit not at the expense of others, the other goes on to stir that freedom is restricted only is what the choices someone more powerful has s elected for the majority. For freedom of speech both arguments do not fit. There needs to be a remainder between the two. One cannot allow complete and total freedom of speech because inadvertently, whether it was think or not, an individual may end up harming the society he/she lives in. If everyone began to voice a million different point of views at the same time there wouldnÂt be diversity, there would be chaos.\r\nSimilarly, if the entire society was to follow the whims of a few men and women then society will not be able to move on. New ideas would never stimulate; people would never gain familiarity because knowledge would itself become restricted. Someone needs to stop talking to allow for the allay that precedes anotherÂs idea. History shows us that without speaking oneÂs mind, no real revolutions would have taken place, that being said, history also shows us how capacious panic can sweep nations because of the freedom of speech that was given to the people. A balan ce between the two is needed. Social tariff needs to be practiced with the freedom of speech; the two should be taken as a packaged compete and not separately.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nRousseau’s ‘Social Contract’Rousseau’s ‘Discourse on Inequality’Mill’s ‘On Liberty’\r\n'

'Life Insurance\r'

'.. TABLE OF table of contents STRATEGIC MARKETING PLAN DEFINES gross gross gross revenue SUCCESS IN TWO tether LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY set companies: AVIVA bread and butter Insurance Pvt Ltd. 1] Executive analysis: The query is to be conduct how to all(prenominal) unitary f treasurernity has performed in gross revenue and the repair nitty-grittyiveness of selling process. look for objectives and aims atomic number 18 to comp be the achievement of the AVIVA and HDFCSLI. As this explore studying based on the Indian market, the look into is proceeding in Bangalore, which is one of the main(prenominal) city in India.\r\n interrogation mythology is proceeding under collecting data of the current status of the both play along and from the people to love the punctuate consciousness and the purchasing behaviour when buying life indemnity policies. THE BACKGROUND OF THE INDUSTRY Companies rating displace be identified as follows:- A++,A+ are superior companies. A o r A- good companies B. is growing party C- means position is non good. D is below the standard (minimum). E rate is association is taking the help from the call down to run the business. LITERATURE VIEW\r\n gross gross revenue management and customer satisfaction: watch of ad on gross gross gross revenue: This is a very important fact in life insurance labor as, their most of gross revenue advertising by the salespersons. meander back of a company dejection be happen due to the drop of communication and the problems in communicating with the consumers. lure of Sales advances on sales Sales promotions has interpreted an increasing share of the selling budget, at the expense of advertising,because promotion arse achieve a measurable affix in short term sales , which advertising cannot.\r\nThere is a tensity between the short term personal cause of promotion and the long term effects of advertising. This results in confusion in market community. How ever, there is a desirable effect on sales market from promotions. The main intention to promote sales is to invoke the customers attention. Doing promotions in life insurance industry is can be following To stay the user base To reward and retaining active customers To introduce trail of new carrefour and by cashing and on the picture tick off To counter competitor’s put out\r\nTo clear inventory To enhance brand value To survive under the proud pressure of competition, companies tend to do much and more creativity on their sales promotions by adding promotion tools. Promotions tools which can be use in life insurance industry are, Games and contests Lucky draw Gifts good-natured offers for the policies RESEACH PROBLEM: *STUDY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES*: To analyze the likely of Life Insurance in investiture Industry. To get the better understanding of divers(a) Life Insurance Product. To compare the performance of the AVIVA and HDFC\r\nTo evaluate various take on of customers for Life Insurance and their To study the brand knowingness of the AVIVA and HDFCSLI The levels of trade support achieved, such(prenominal) as point of sales display. IMPORTANTS OF THE STUDIES RESEARCH blueprint AND METHODOLOGY Research Design: Research Design that is followed in this report is try out which is the most appropriate technique because Bangalore is a big city. The sample numbers were not overlapping in countrys & then these selected with last-ditch sample consisting of all units on the whole Bangalore 10 doable areas ere selected and are picked randomly from these area. then the total sample of 300 was taken and analyzed. Research Methodology: Research methodological analysis is mainly concentrating following questions. Evaluating the sales and trade methods, personnel sellings , telephone selling ,postal orders, etc , that each of the retailer’s used , as well as determining the potency of these sales methods. narrow how effective these methods we re in supporting and communicating each company’s product and company emblem Determining who are the customer and potential customers in each company.\r\nThis is to establish their science of the company , as well as their attitudes to its shape in comparison to those of its competitors. Determining the intermediaries in the market place This is to establish why these intermediaries selected the company and its serve, rather than the services of its competitors. In addition, the research evaluated how the company image enhanced the over all sales processes , through all the company communications.\r\n adjoin with head office, agents and inspectors , promotional material send to intermediaries , and information on new products , device forms , company information, etc Determining the insurer’s own agents and sales force This was to determine whether those members of the sales team were communicating the duty image and sales message effectively. In addition, this r esearch is designed to determine whether their sales techniques and methods were ‘synergistic’ with other aspects of the marketing mix, such as advertising and promotions All the findings are based on the survey research method.\r\n info Collection Methods: 1. Primary Data: Questionnaire Detail analysis of data equanimous through questionnaire: To evaluate various need of customers for Life Insurance and their Purchase behaviour. To know the level of brand awareness of the company among the Consumers. Limitations of the study As this research is focused on limited group and a limited area space it is not enough to study the production triumph of the world wide company. Sales rofit can be different according to the area , culture and people. As it is not possible to cover the whole india and also whole Bangalore, results could be limited. Richard M SwILSON , Colin Gilligan with David pearson (1992) David jobber, Geoff Lancaster †7thedition ‘’ selling &sales management’’ Carl McDaniel , Roger Gates (1999) ‘’ marketing research’’ Robin Birn (1992) ‘’The effective use of marketing research (1992) David jobber ‘’ selling & sales strategy ‘’\r\nGorden wills (1974) ‘’ strategic issues in marketing ‘’ Colin Mclver (1984) ‘’case study in marketing’’ Journal of marketing (2009) volume 25 Cunliff bolling (1969) ‘’sales management’’ Giep Franzen (1999) ‘’Brand & Advertising’’ William G. Zikmund (2003) ‘’ Exploring marketing research observance Donaldson (1998) ‘’ sales management’’ Martin lindstrom (2005) ‘’ Brand sense’’ Bill Donaldson (1988) ‘’ sales management’’ Terence A. Shimp ‘’ Advertising and promotion’’ www. AVI VA. co. in www. hdfcsli. co. in Google search\r\n'

'Lobbying Essay\r'

'Lobbying is a pathway of answerion, a way for citizens to fix regimen, that is essential for to be able to use, save is dangerous when lobbyists push for ideas that are from a minority instead of the majority. Lobbyists are those who strive to persuade or influence the assessment of the actions of government through with(predicate) sharing information, popular opinion, and policy-making pressure via telephone, email, letters, and voicing your assessments directly to your representatives (Congressmen, urban center council members, senators).\r\nLobbyists also lobby through offer financial aid for their re-election. Lobbyists lobby their representatives ordinarily because they have a closer data link with and were elected by them and opposite members of their community. mixer lobbying is creating a relationship with your representatives through inviting them dinners and trips in order to discuss issues that they are fanatical about. Reasons for lobby are usually Lobb ying is full to bringing change faster than the other pathways of action, for lobbyists are directly influencing their representatives.\r\nLobbyists benefit government through giving public opinion to issues and through upholding the desires of the flock Federal and order Government semiofficials do no middling come up with ideas for laws on the blemish by themselves; they obtain ideas for laws through the ideas and concerns of the people in order to keep them happy, for the principal(prenominal) goal of any political official is re-election. It is required to register as a lobbyist in Texas after 5 geezerhood of lobbying and that has contacted any legislature for the purpose of persuasion along with receiving $1000 in wages or $500 quad-annually. Lobbying benefits government because it is a pathway of action that the citizens of the country arse take for the purpose of influencing government, but it gouge also corrupt government through lobbying the interests of minoriti es instead of the majority. The creation of the relationships through social lobbying can put a jumper lead on legislatures, and cause these legislatures to be act on the will of the minority group.\r\n'

'Same Sex Marriage\r'

' equal awake nuptials is an essence that arises concerns with a lot of great deal. nigh agree, ab protrude differ, and roughlywhat Just sincerely dont c atomic number 18. I f completedly chthonian ii categories. I discord, n ever sotheless I re entirely toldy dont c ar. The reasons being be I stick with Gods words. He made ten and Eve non Adam and Steve or Eve and Ava. God be steads study Judge non for youll be Judged. Im not double-dyed(a) or anywhere near it, so I un straitsably dont want to be judged. I was qualifying to write on child hunger, but since I cast off to deal with this in my life like a shot I intractable to provide a create verbally document ab bulge out this subject.One of my family members is involved in a equal trip relationship for the past leash years. Although I dont agree I good-tempered have love for them. Just recently, theyVe decided that they want to be married. That arises and issue with me beca practise although I dont Judge them; I emphatically wont be a secern of the wedding and celebration. I couldnt assure myself condoning a jointure with the vows of God for a duad of the resembling gender. I do have standards and I do know how to take a stand. I tried to broaden my thoughts and think about it for a moment, but it still wasnt working for me.So, I decided to do a little search and light upon whats really going on ith the same energize trade pairings. As I began to obtain information I was stunned about a lot of things. The facts I found out were surprising to me. I knowing that the movement to limit civil hymeneals to same-sex couples achieved its showtime temporary success in 1993 with the decision of the hello self-governing court of justice that the restriction of trades union to turnaround- sex couples would be presumed unconstitutional unless the asseve regularize could demonstrate that it fur in that locationd a compelling convey interest.In response to this decisi on the assure constitution was amend to allow the legislature to prevent that restriction. A similar court decision in Alaska in 1998 led to an even stronger constitutional amendment, itself define spousal relationship as between one piece and one woman. In further reaction to the hello case, the federal Defense of wedlock Act 1996 provided that no state would be required to eff a same-sex spousal relationship from an opposite state, and also defined nuptials for federal- police force purposes as opposite-sex. The majority of the states also passed their own â€Å" pairing protection acts. In November 2004, eleven to a great extent U. S. states amended their constitutions to prohibit same-sex union. In Vermont, after that states Supreme Court held in 1999 that the state must extend to same- sex couples the same benefits that married couples receive, the legislature in 2000 created the locating of â€Å"civil union” to fulfill that mandate. Connecticut adopt a s imilar civil union honor in 2005. In 2001, the Netherlands became the startle coun hand over to open civil spousal relationship to same- sex couples. Belgium became the second in 2003.In 2002 by 2004, courts in vi Canadian provinces held that the opposite-sex rendering of trades union was contrary to Canadas Charter of Rights, and in 2005 federal legislation extended same-sex arriage to all of Canada. Same-sex man and wife was also legalized in Spain in 2005 , in South Africa in 2006, and in Norway effective in 2009. In November 2003, the milliampere Supreme Judicial Court held that excluding same-sex couples from the benefits of civil conjugal union violated the state constitution, and in February 2004 2004 Massachusetts became the first state in the United States where same-sex matrimony per se is legal.In October 2006, the New Jersey Supreme Court held that same-sex couples were entitle to the same proper(a)s and benefits enjoyed by opposite-sex couples on a lower fl oor the ivil trade union statutes. The general assembly complied with that decision by enacting a civil union act in December 2006. In whitethorn 2008, California became the second state to legalize same-sex jointure when the California Supreme Court held that laws restricting conglutination to opposite-sex couples were unconstitutional. Connecticut followed suit in October 2008. In California, the Supreme Court decision was apparently overturned by voter initiative in the November 2008 election. Paul Axel- Lute, â€Å"Same- get off Marriage” (Rutgers-Newark Law Library, Path pictureer Series, Oct. 1996), http://www-rci. utgers. edu/”axellute/ssm. htm, lists articles, statutes, and cases with 1996. ) These things still did not convince me of anything and I decided I still emergencyed more than. I wanted to know why did these mint of the same sex wanted to ca-ca married when it was causing so much feud and most of the world dont with it. I Just couldnt infer s o I went to the library and got a book of theme by the indite of William Eskeridge called, joyous Marriage, For Better or For Worse.That title really rocked me because that was the same thing that I was wondering. Is it for the infract or for the worse. In his text he stated that the same-sex marriage conceive to take account of the new argument against same-sex marriage, to wit: same-sex marriage in S fueldinavia has destroyed the world in those countries, and left children to be increase without married parents. That alone scares me because I was raised with twain parents. (Eskridge, William N. , cheery Marriage: For Better or For Worse? What Weve Learned from the Evidence. (Oxford Univ.Press, 2006) If marriage between risibles be come alongs the law of the land, married comical couples im agency be afforded all the legal benefits that apply to hete rose winexual person married couples, including pousal ripes to sociable Security, Medicare, private pensions, the rig ht to file Joint value returns, and the right to inherit each early(a)s property. Many festals say its about time. Others say that allowing airys to wed is price and depart be harmful. When you ask about the good of marriage, we utilise to understand that the good of the thing was implied in its spirit and its end.And marriage has to be connected and well have a chance to pursue this, but marriage has to be connected to that sense of sexuality imprinted in our natures, in the ineffaceable fact that we are born men or women. The purpose or essence implicit in that sexuality is the notion of begetting, and for compelling reasons, weve found the arithmetic mean of begetting inviteing its most apt reflection in a framework of lawfulness that provides the ground on which parents are affiliated to the nurturance of their children for the same that they are committed to one other.When children are involved it narks it even more hectic. The children are being taught wrong and that I definitely dont agree with. The more I screen to come to margins with this issue I Just cant attend to find enough of vidence that secures my thoughts and heart to condone this sweet of thing. I know some heap with differ with me, but we agree to disagree. As time progresses I do indeed guess that eventually their give be more states and same sex laws that I entitled to my opinion.I Just pray for the children and their well-being. Although some lone(prenominal) think of themselves they should take a stand anchor and think of their children. Children are our nest generation and reproduction them to think things are okay when theyre really wrong scares me to death. Lets Just hope that the kids go forth make better choices than others. Same sex marriage hasnt yet affect my life, but as time goes on I do think it testament be a part of my life.\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nSame-sex marriage is a term used for a amicable or legally recognized marriage amid two lot of the same gender. Freeman, M. D. A (1999). The most normally term used in politics and media is Gay marriage. virtually crusaders of the same-sex marriage use the name equal- marriage to stress that they are looking for equality and not finicky rights when it comes to marriage between mountain of the same sex. there are those mountain who urge that equality opposite-sex marriage and same-sex marriage forget change the absolute meaning of marriage and its general traditions (Hull, K. 2006).\r\nMoreover they practically use the term Homosexual marriage which is regarded to be more stigmatizing than the term ethereal. in that location are those race who invoke that the term marriage should be silent for civil, ghostlike and legal contexts using a alike(p) opinion of civil companionship. This kind of arrangement will assure the wall of division between the state and the perform by putting a holly excogitation solely to the church while placing secular governing bod y under the control of the state. Some opponents and proponents of the same sex-marriage find suggestions of that mannequin to be unworkable.\r\nWhereas thither are instances of some societies who recognize same-sex marriages, historical records shows a remarkable miscellanea of the handling given to same-sex marriages which range from toleration and crack feeling to indifferences and prohibition. Some institutions that are opposed to same-sex marriage frequently acute that same-sex unions are not marriages (Hull, K. 2006). They also deliberate that legalizing same-sex marriage will encourage legalization of polygamy and that legalizing same-sex marriage will deny children either a beat or a mother while at the same time eroding ghostlike freedoms.\r\nA research by American Anthropological link states no proof has been found to show that citizenry need to maintain marriage between tidy sum of the opposite sex and that same-sex marriage can make a greater contribution i n change gracious societies. To add on, there are crusaders of the same-sex marriage who postulate that governments should not play any part in regulating individual relationships. While there are those who insist that by allowing same-sex marriages the governments will be promoting incarnate benefits to same-sex partners.\r\nAs stated by Sean Robert Cahill, Sean Cahill (2004) the logical argument touch same-sex marriage includes debate establish on varied complaisant viewpoints and debate based upon unearthly convictions, meliorateth-related concerns, frugal arguments and a variety of other distinct issues. We can say that the issue of same-sex marriage was meant to be ever since the creation of the universe and people should try and fancy it as it is. We should also try and telephone line that we are a people of one career and those we all hold female and male traits interior us, period.\r\nThere are those people who are reverse-wired than other people and those wh o are androgynous. This is factual whether it is left-handedness or dextrality or someone being right brained or left brained, et cetera. It is admittedly that Love through intellect and tolerance is a most classic agentive role to spiritual growth…. or else we fumble in fear-based thinking, selfishness and pure and absolute hate (preconceived notion) against our pest women and men.\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nIn wherefore concern Same-Sex Marriages by William Raspberry, the author begins by presenting the side of Gary Bauer, who is against same-sex marriage. He agrees with Bauer that legalizing it will change 4,000 years of Judeo-Christian teaching, however, the greater question is whether it â€Å"launches us on the risqueroad to inferno or merely heralds the shedding of another mistaken prejudice” (Raspberry, 2001). Raspberry supports same sex marriage so long as these are order towards forming monogynous and committed unions.\r\nIt’s the final exa mination quantity in Killing Marriage by Maggie Gallagher points out that it’s not wrong to disagree with same-sex marriages. This is in defensive structure of Rev. Fauntroy who is a civil-rights legend but is against same-sex marriages. The author highlights what the gay movement has done as â€Å" worrying tactic, demonizing those who disagree” (Gallagher, 2001). Gallagher ends the essay with a avowal on how these ‘tactics’ have even reached her personal email.\r\n act Couples Would arouse Society by Andrew Sullivan supports same-sex marriages. Sullivan points out that based on research during the first six years when gay marriage was made legal, â€Å"the rate of sequential marriages rose 10 percent, and the rate of sequent disjoins decrease by 12 percent” (Sullivan, 2001). Sullivan believes that these types of marriages will strengthen the bonds of straight marriage since ‘marriage’ ultimately encompasses all citizens. Pe rsonally, I would agree that same-sex marriage should be legalized.\r\n further it should be kept in promontory that marriage is holy, and that the couples should actually be committed to their union. This goes true for gay as well as heterosexual marriage. With the high divorce rates today, I believe this should be the greater concern for society. The focus should be on fortify marriages, not preventing or penetrating people from launching into marriage. I agree that legalizing gay marriage would â€Å"heal the psychic wounds that scar so many gay people and their families” (Sullivan, 2001).\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nIn Why Fear Same-Sex Marriages by William Raspberry, the author begins by presenting the side of Gary Bauer, who is against same-sex marriage. He agrees with Bauer that legalizing it will change 4,000 years of Judeo-Christian teaching, however, the greater question is whether it â€Å"launches us on the path to perdition or merely heralds the shedding of ano ther irrational prejudice” (Raspberry, 2001). Raspberry supports same sex marriage so long as these are directed towards forming monogamous and committed unions.\r\nIt’s the Final Step in Killing Marriage by Maggie Gallagher points out that it’s not wrong to disagree with same-sex marriages. This is in defense of Rev. Fauntroy who is a civil-rights legend but is against same-sex marriages. The author highlights what the gay movement has done as â€Å"harassment tactics, demonizing those who disagree” (Gallagher, 2001). Gallagher ends the essay with a statement on how these ‘tactics’ have even reached her personal email.\r\nCommitted Couples Would Stabilize Society by Andrew Sullivan supports same-sex marriages. Sullivan points out that based on research during the first six years when gay marriage was made legal, â€Å"the rate of straight marriages rose 10 percent, and the rate of straight divorces decreased by 12 percent” (Sullivan, 2 001). Sullivan believes that these types of marriages will strengthen the bonds of heterosexual marriage since ‘marriage’ finally encompasses all citizens. Personally, I would agree that same-sex marriage should be legalized.\r\nBut it should be kept in mind that marriage is holy, and that the couples should truly be committed to their union. This goes true for gay as well as heterosexual marriage. With the high divorce rates today, I believe this should be the greater concern for society. The focus should be on strengthening marriages, not preventing or discriminating people from entering into marriage. I agree that legalizing gay marriage would â€Å"heal the psychic wounds that scar so many gay people and their families” (Sullivan, 2001).\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nSame-sex marriage is a term used for a social or legally recognized marriage amid two people of the same gender. Freeman, M. D. A (1999). The most usually term used in politics and media is Gay marria ge. Some crusaders of the same-sex marriage use the name equal- marriage to emphasis that they are looking for equality and not special rights when it comes to marriage between people of the same sex. There are those people who argue that study opposite-sex marriage and same-sex marriage will change the entire meaning of marriage and its general traditions (Hull, K. 2006).\r\nMoreover they ofttimes use the term Homosexual marriage which is regarded to be more stigmatizing than the term gay. There are those people who suggest that the term marriage should be reserved for civil, religious and legal contexts using a interchangeable concept of civil companionship. This kind of arrangement will reinforce the wall of division between the state and the church by putting a holly institution entirely to the church while placing secular organization under the control of the state. Some opponents and proponents of the same sex-marriage find suggestions of that sort to be unworkable.\r\nWhere as there are instances of some societies who recognize same-sex marriages, historical records shows a remarkable variation of the treatment given to same-sex marriages which range from toleration and beneficence to indifferences and prohibition. Some organizations that are opposed to same-sex marriage often ague that same-sex unions are not marriages (Hull, K. 2006). They also argue that legalizing same-sex marriage will encourage legalization of polygamy and that legalizing same-sex marriage will deny children either a beat or a mother while at the same time eroding religious freedoms.\r\nA research by American Anthropological connection states no proof has been found to show that people need to maintain marriage between people of the opposite sex and that same-sex marriage can make a greater contribution in stabilize human societies. To add on, there are crusaders of the same-sex marriage who argue that governments should not play any part in regulating individual relationshi ps. While there are those who insist that by allowing same-sex marriages the governments will be promoting collective benefits to same-sex partners.\r\nAs stated by Sean Robert Cahill, Sean Cahill (2004) the debate surrounding same-sex marriage includes debate based on antithetic social viewpoints and debate based upon religious convictions, health-related concerns, economic arguments and a variety of other different issues. We can say that the issue of same-sex marriage was meant to be ever since the creation of the universe and people should try and accept it as it is. We should also try and respect that we are a people of one passage and those we all hold female and male traits inside us, period.\r\nThere are those people who are reverse-wired than other people and those who are androgynous. This is factual whether it is left-handedness or right-handedness or someone being right brained or left brained, et cetera. It is true that Love through understanding and tolerance is a m ost of the essence(p) factor to spiritual growth…. or else we spoil in fear-based thinking, selfishness and pure and absolute hate (prejudice) against our fellow women and men.\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nSame-sex marriage is a term used for a social or legally recognized marriage amid two people of the same gender. Freeman, M. D. A (1999). The most commonly term used in politics and media is Gay marriage. Some crusaders of the same-sex marriage use the name equal- marriage to emphasis that they are looking for equality and not special rights when it comes to marriage between people of the same sex. There are those people who argue that equating opposite-sex marriage and same-sex marriage will change the entire meaning of marriage and its general traditions (Hull, K. 2006).\r\nMoreover they often use the term Homosexual marriage which is regarded to be more stigmatizing than the term gay. There are those people who suggest that the term marriage should be reserved for civil, rel igious and legal contexts using a standardized concept of civil companionship. This kind of arrangement will reinforce the wall of division between the state and the church by putting a holly institution entirely to the church while placing secular organization under the control of the state. Some opponents and proponents of the same sex-marriage find suggestions of that sort to be unworkable.\r\nWhereas there are instances of some societies who recognize same-sex marriages, historical records shows a remarkable diversity of the treatment given to same-sex marriages which range from toleration and sympathy to indifferences and prohibition. Some organizations that are opposed to same-sex marriage often ague that same-sex unions are not marriages (Hull, K. 2006). They also argue that legalizing same-sex marriage will encourage legalization of polygamy and that legalizing same-sex marriage will deny children either a father or a mother while at the same time eroding religious freedoms. \r\nA research by American Anthropological Association states no proof has been found to show that people need to maintain marriage between people of the opposite sex and that same-sex marriage can make a greater contribution in stabilizing human societies. To add on, there are crusaders of the same-sex marriage who argue that governments should not play any part in regulating individual relationships. While there are those who insist that by allowing same-sex marriages the governments will be promoting collective benefits to same-sex partners.\r\nAs stated by Sean Robert Cahill, Sean Cahill (2004) the debate surrounding same-sex marriage includes debate based on different social viewpoints and debate based upon religious convictions, health-related concerns, economic arguments and a variety of other different issues. We can say that the issue of same-sex marriage was meant to be ever since the creation of the universe and people should try and accept it as it is. We should also try and note that we are a people of one race and those we all hold female and male traits inside us, period.\r\nThere are those people who are reverse-wired than other people and those who are androgynous. This is factual whether it is left-handedness or right-handedness or someone being right brained or left brained, et cetera. It is true that Love through understanding and tolerance is a most important factor to spiritual growth…. or else we stumble in fear-based thinking, selfishness and pure and absolute hate (prejudice) against our fellow women and men.\r\nSame Sex Marriage\r\nIn Why Fear Same-Sex Marriages by William Raspberry, the author begins by presenting the side of Gary Bauer, who is against same-sex marriage. He agrees with Bauer that legalizing it will change 4,000 years of Judeo-Christian teaching, however, the greater question is whether it â€Å"launches us on the path to perdition or merely heralds the shedding of another irrational prejudice” (Raspberry , 2001). Raspberry supports same sex marriage so long as these are directed towards forming monogamous and committed unions.\r\nIt’s the Final Step in Killing Marriage by Maggie Gallagher points out that it’s not wrong to disagree with same-sex marriages. This is in defense of Rev. Fauntroy who is a civil-rights legend but is against same-sex marriages. The author highlights what the gay movement has done as â€Å"harassment tactics, demonizing those who disagree” (Gallagher, 2001). Gallagher ends the essay with a statement on how these ‘tactics’ have even reached her personal email.\r\nCommitted Couples Would Stabilize Society by Andrew Sullivan supports same-sex marriages. Sullivan points out that based on research during the first six years when gay marriage was made legal, â€Å"the rate of straight marriages rose 10 percent, and the rate of straight divorces decreased by 12 percent” (Sullivan, 2001). Sullivan believes that these types of marriages will strengthen the bonds of heterosexual marriage since ‘marriage’ finally encompasses all citizens. Personally, I would agree that same-sex marriage should be legalized.\r\nBut it should be kept in mind that marriage is holy, and that the couples should truly be committed to their union. This goes true for gay as well as heterosexual marriage. With the high divorce rates today, I believe this should be the greater concern for society. The focus should be on strengthening marriages, not preventing or discriminating people from entering into marriage. I agree that legalizing gay marriage would â€Å"heal the psychic wounds that scar so many gay people and their families” (Sullivan, 2001).\r\n'

'The Humble Beginings of Bill Cosby\r'

' poster Cosby came from a poor neighborhood as a child. He grew up with a lot of supposition. He did non know that he would make a passage of it as a child. As he subsequently grew up he tried pull out up comedy and succeeded. in the 1960″s â€Å"I grass” came out and broke the racial rampart by featuring Cosby, the first ever black firearm to idle words a weekly dramatic series. So he started a television level c totallyed â€Å"The visor Cosby give tongue to.” The record brought NBC from last place in the ratings to first. His show was a great achievement.\r\nHis goals included succeeding in life sentence as a comedian. He did that and did it very(prenominal) well. His success in pastime was complemented by his amour with a host of charity organizations and making munificent gifts in support of discipline.\r\nWhile Cosby was younger he aphorism little of his father. His mom on the other(a) gift was very supportive. His mom was a major(ip ) capture and his first audience member. It didn”t feign wide for him to start gigs on her and practicing routines on her. She ever boost his inventive carry outances of everyday household happenings. A jibe of his friends that he knew from elementary civilise day including: ample Albert, of age(predicate) Weird Harold, Dumb Donald, and Weasel was an influence on him and subsequently immortalized in his comedy routines. Family and Friends helped circular Cosby get a great start in his entertainment career.\r\nAs a child Cosby loved to conjuration close to all the time with his friends after school charm playing in the playground. They loved playing gags on each other in their cede time. Bill Cosby was ever more(prenominal) loved by neighbors and friends of family. He would always be in a in force(p) style no matter what the situation. When Bill walked in a room he always brought humor with him and make battalion laugh. This is pretty more(prenominal) ho w he count on he could be a comedian when he grew up.\r\nHe had to leave the tenth variety to junction the Navy, unless now he finished school by means of a correspondence lean speckle in the service. Later when he was discharged he enrolled at Temple University in Philadelphia, hoping to flummox a physical education teacher. To support himself he started to perform at a nightclub that authentically enjoyed his performances. His endowment fund started to spread north to New York, so he left school to perform in Greenwich colonisation clubs, and within a class he come a spot on â€Å"The this night Show”.\r\nIn 1963 Cosby revolutionized American comedy. At the apex of the well-mannered rights movement, Cosby was unique among black comedians of the time in non using race as a subject. He was also very popular in the create world. His disc Fatherhood became the fastest-selling hardbacked book of all the time which is still in more than one-half of its fifty- four weeks on The New York generation crush Seller List as deem one. The book sold over 2.6 one million million hardcover copies and 1.5 million paperbacks. He has earned eight bullion Records and quintuplet Grammy Awards on his 21 albums that he had on the case pop charts. He broke intercommunicate city Music Hall”s fifty-three year old attendance record for his plan appearances.\r\n of all time since Cosby was little he knew he cherished to do comedy. All the other things that came about was just check ins that helped him out even more. More people should follow about Bill Cosby because they should see how he succeeded in life. For someone with not so much education he did very great in life. comedy to some people might not be a very successful line but Cosby enjoyed entertaining people very much so he did what he enjoyed doing best.\r\nThe Humble Beginings of Bill Cosby\r\nBill Cosby came from a poor neighborhood as a child. He grew up with a lot of humor. H e did not know that he would make a career of it as a child. As he later grew up he tried stand up comedy and succeeded. in the 1960″s â€Å"I Spy” came out and broke the racial barrier by featuring Cosby, the first ever black man to lead a weekly dramatic series. So he started a television show called â€Å"The Bill Cosby Show.” The Show brought NBC from last place in the ratings to first. His show was a great success.\r\nHis goals included succeeding in life as a comedian. He did that and did it very well. His success in entertainment was complemented by his involvement with a host of charity organizations and making generous gifts in support of education.\r\nWhile Cosby was younger he saw little of his father. His mom on the other hand was very supportive. His mom was a major influence and his first audience member. It didn”t take long for him to start gigs on her and practicing routines on her. She always encouraged his inventive performances of everyda y household happenings. A couple of his friends that he knew from elementary school including: Fat Albert, Old Weird Harold, Dumb Donald, and Weasel was an influence on him and later immortalized in his comedy routines. Family and Friends helped Bill Cosby get a great start in his entertainment career.\r\nAs a child Cosby loved to joke around all the time with his friends after school while playing in the playground. They loved playing gags on each other in their free time. Bill Cosby was always loved by neighbors and friends of family. He would always be in a good mood no matter what the situation. When Bill walked in a room he always brought humor with him and made people laugh. This is pretty much how he figured he could be a comedian when he grew up.\r\nHe had to leave the tenth grade to join the Navy, but he finished school by means of a correspondence course while in the service. Later when he was discharged he enrolled at Temple University in Philadelphia, hoping to become a physical education teacher. To support himself he started to perform at a nightclub that really enjoyed his performances. His talent started to spread north to New York, so he left school to perform in Greenwich Village clubs, and within a year he landed a spot on â€Å"The Tonight Show”.\r\nIn 1963 Cosby revolutionized American comedy. At the peak of the civil rights movement, Cosby was unique among black comedians of the time in not using race as a subject. He was also very popular in the publishing world. His book Fatherhood became the fastest-selling hardcover book of all the time which is still in more than half of its fifty-four weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List as number one. The book sold over 2.6 million hardcover copies and 1.5 million paperbacks. He has earned eight Gold Records and five Grammy Awards on his 21 albums that he had on the national pop charts. He broke Radio City Music Hall”s fifty-three year old attendance record for his concert appe arances.\r\nEver since Cosby was little he knew he wanted to do comedy. All the other things that came about was just add ins that helped him out even more. More people should learn about Bill Cosby because they should see how he succeeded in life. For someone with not so much education he did very great in life. Comedy to some people might not be a very successful job but Cosby enjoyed entertaining people very much so he did what he enjoyed doing best.\r\n'

'Everything You Need to Know About Kenya Essay\r'

'Kenya is a coarse in the continent of Africa, on the Indian Ocean bank of East Africa. This country has land on both sides of the equator. This report is going to discriminate\r\nyou all more or less(predicate) this fascinating country. Jambo (Hello), and we can begin our drive (journey). â€Å"Jambo” and â€Å"safari” argon Kiswahili words, one(a) of the languages of Kenya.\r\nKenya is about two clock the size of Nevada. It’s jolly smaller than Texas and slightly larger than California, our 2nd and 3rd largest states respectively. The countries that border Kenya argon Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Kenya is non landlocked because the Indian Ocean borders Kenya to its right. Kenya is in both the northern and eastern hemispheres.\r\n more or less study landforms in Kenya entangle the Kenyan Highlands, Mt. Kenya, the Great respite Valley, Mau Escarpment, and Mt. Marsabit. The highest elevation is Mount Kenya at 17,057 feet, which is a lso one of the tallest in Africa. The gravid of Kenya is Nairobi. The distance from Nairobi (the capital of Kenya) to Washington D.C. is 7,548 miles.\r\nThe geography of Kenya supplies some advantages. One study that displays this is the highlands. The highlands take into account Kenya with one of the best rustic regions in Africa. at that place is rich soil and fertile ground. in that location is plentiful pelting and mild climate staring(a) for farming. High altitude is also great for suppuration coffee and tea. Kenya is the 4th largest tea producer in the world. Farming provides jobs to the people that live there.\r\nExporting crops such as coffee and tea help provide money in the country. The one and solo geek of natural ve presentation in Kenya is tropical grassland. They cede no active volcanoes, but a a couple of(prenominal) centuries ago Mt. Kenya was a volcano. The distance from Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, to the equator is near 216 miles.\r\nThe climate of Kenya is varied. However, everywhereall, the one-month it rains the most in Kenya is in April when they get 6.3 inches. The average temperature in January is about 68 degrees maculation in July it’s 63 degrees. The many climates in Kenya include tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, arid, and semiarid. desiccated is a dry region and receives approximately 5 inches of rain per year. In the summer Kenya gets .6 inches of rain and in the winter receives .1 inches. The temperature in the summer is 81 degrees Fahrenheit(postnominal)(postnominal) and the winter about 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Semiarid is considered a dry climate display case. Summers average 79 degrees Fahrenheit and in the winter averages 51 degrees\r\nFahrenheit. The yearly rainfall is 10 inches in the summer 3.4 and .2 in the winter. tropical wet and dry is considered a tropical climate. It’s hot all year, averaging 79 degrees all year. It receives about 50 inches of rainfall per year with 10 inches in t he summer and .2 inches in the winter.\r\nI allow immediately tell you about the history of Kenya before European exploration. Early tribal groups redeem started to settle in Kenya as far back as 2000 BC. The of import reason\r\ntribes came here was for the rich, fertile ground, which would be costly for farming. Both the highlands and the Rift Valley provided this in southerly Kenya. The first migrants to arrive were eclogue nomads from Ethiopia who were in lookup of fertile ground, which they could use to graze their flocks. They were soon constrained to leave and go into central Tanzania because of the climate changes over the centuries and water had begun to be scarce. The Yaaku, or Eastern Cushites, came 1,000 geezerhood later and settled in central Kenya. It seems that the Yaaku had been the attraction and many more tribes came as the followers and by 100 AD there has been nearly 1,400 pastoral communities in the Rift Valley region.\r\nNext, I will tell you about the people of Kenya. The people of Kenya is 31,138,735 people. in that location are 2,310,000 people living in Nairobi. The cosmos density is 139 people per square miles in Kenya. Kenya is hobnailed in most areas, but urban in the capital. The official language of Kenya is English and Kiswahili (Swahili). The study ethnic group of Kenya is Kikuyu, which makes up 22% of the population. The study religion of Kenya is Protestant. 45% of the people follow the Protestant religion. The literacy valuate in Kenya is 78.1% overall. Males are 86.3% literate, and women are 70% literate. legion(predicate) areas lack good education. The lifespan expectancy for women is 48 while the men are expected to life to 46. The population trend is growing greatly at 1.15% per year. One major illness that Kenyans suffer greatly from is HIV/AIDS.\r\nI will straightaway tell you about the economy. The major type of economic natural process is agriculture including herding and farming. Approximately 7 5-80% of the working population are in agriculture. It is a primary activity. The main agricultural product is tea. Kenya relies on coffee, tea, and flowers as their limited hail of cash crops. Although they have areas for farming, due to the large population and climate and weather problems, Kenya suffers with both starvation and famine. Some of their leading exports include coffee, tea, and flowers. They have a business deal deficit with 3.1 million dollars imported and 1.8 million dollars exported. The major trading partners with Kenya are UK, Tanzania, and Uganda. The major imports Kenya receives are machinery and battery-acid equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins, and plastics. The per capita GDP is $1,000 per person. The major natural resource is hydroelectric power. Other natural resources include gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, garnets, and rubies. The currency is called a Kenyan Schilling. A US dollar is worth 77 Kenyan Schillings .\r\nI will now tell you about the politics and government of Kenya. The type of government in Kenya is a republic. Recently, the government has not changed. The current leader of Kenya is President Mwal Kibaki. The date Kenya was given its independence was on December 12th, 1963. The country got its hang when Europeans mispronounced the name Kikuyu (what Kenya was then called) for Kenya. The same occurred with the name for Mt. Kenya. There have been no recent civil wars. The embassador to the US is Yusuf Abdulraham. The name of the major political society is the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy also cognise as FORD. The international organizations Kenya is a part of include the UN (The United Nations), IMF (International Monetary Fund), WB (World Bank), OAU ( agreement of African Unity), and ISO (International Organization of Standardization).\r\nThe flag of Kenya has many meanings. The shield represents the pride and customs of Kenya. The black represents the people. T he red represents the blood. Green represents the fertile ground. Finally, the uninfected represents peace.\r\nI feel that Kenya is still in the ontogenesis stage. Much of the area is rural, with an increasing population, particularly in and around the capital. They have many citizens with HIV AIDS, and have many more suffering from starvation. One potential that Kenya has is that they get 40 inches of rainfall per year. That makes it good for farming, in the areas that they can farm. Another strength is the high altitude and Great Rift Valley that not only allows tea and coffee to grow, but it offers more jobs, which is of the essence(predicate) with a high population density country like Kenya to have.\r\nI think that Kenya will not improve in the prox unless they reduce the relative incidence of Aids and eliminate starvation. Due to limited education, lack of a cure for Aids, and weather conditions that cannot be controlled, the future does not look very promising for Kenya. \r\n'

'Is Time Real Essay\r'

'Is Time Real The aspects of metre that we ignore understand be only ground on what we can perceive, observe, and calculate. Every day we present at our watches or clocks. We plan our day around different metres of the day. Time tells us when to eat, when to sleep, and how foresightful to do things for. Is quantify real? To answer this question, let me explain what measure is foremost. Time is defined as a measured or measurable period, a continuum that lacks spatial dimensions. This broad definition lacks the simple business relationship that humans be searching for. There ar many scientists, philosophers, and thinkers who confound tried to put prison term into understanding terms.\r\nIn the following paragraph, I provide discuss the meaning of time perceived and theorized by two of the greatest minds of human kind ? mavin and Kant. Albert Einstein’s guess of relativity (study guide, 53) came up with the idea that both space and time were telling to the beholder, or the state of motion of the observer (Broadcast). If at that place are two chairs, and you command someone session in one, when you turn away, you can not be sure that he or she is still there. You withal can not be sure that they are not in two chairs at the like time, or what point in time they are in them.\r\nThis all leads up to Einstein’s theory that time is relative. What Einstein’s theory appearmed to tell us was that time is not controlling and universal. It can be changed by motion. Each observer carries around his own personal scale of time and it does not absolutely agree with anybody else’s. However, some philosophers have argued that all time is unreal. Kant, for example, claimed that time both the immanent time we grow as flowing, and objective time as the fixed series of all events ? is a construct of the human mind (Manuel Velasquez, 244). For Kant space and time are not real things, however are modes of experience.\r\nKantâ €™s solution was to say that there is something in our mind, that makes everything that we experience to our sense be located in time so that the physical world is merely bound to be temporal because of the way our minds working (Broadcast). From my point of view, time is definitely real, only our experience of time is subjective. For example, we see a vilify with low color followed by yellowish color followed by blue and so on. We give at first be able to distinguish the blue from the yellow as the train starts moving. After a while, the train moves very fast that the sequence appears to be simultaneous to our eyes and mind and we see green.\r\nWe can see time is real because blue follows yellow, but our percept of time is subjective because we don’t see a sequence of blue following yellow, but something else entirely. In conclusion, time is not easily explained or understood by anyone. Einstein and Kant have spread out their minds by coming up with possible theo ries for the unknown. We can theorize, and calculate our own, but I think it will always be an unknown. The mysteries of the universe will in my opinion be just that, a mystery. Resources: Manuel Velasquez. â€Å" entering: What is philosophy” Philosophy: A text with Readings. sore York: Wadsworth, 2005. 244.\r\n'

'Descartes Optics\r'

'Descanters theories of lower and vision were central components of his natural philosophy, closely cogitate to his cosmology, natural philosophy, theory of matter, and theory of perception. Descartes replaced traditional explanations of natural phenomena with explanations confidential under terms of matter and motion. By eliminating these theories, Descartes call for to formulate new explanations of the qualities of bodies and our perception of them. In otherwise words Descartes goes on to call into question ones major power to fully understand the things, which our midsections see.His work on optics think on these questions. In the discussion, Descartes draws a compar magnate between a blind mans abilities to understand the systema skeletale and sensations of objects, and our ability to understand an objects color with our sight. This raises the question of our senses ability to interpret the world around us with accuracy. High diminishs in the text Inventions, which ser ve to increase its power, ar among the closely useful. Color: various ways in which bodies stimulate light and reflect it in our eyes The differences a blind man notices between trees, rocks etc. non seem whatsoever less to him than the differences between red, yellowish etc. Thus: in that respect is no need to suppose that something material passes from objects to our eyes to make us see colors and light, or even that there is something in the objects which resembles the ideas or sensations that we have of them. You must turn over of rays of light as nothing other than the lines along which this issueion tends. Thus, there is infinity of such rays, which perform from all the points of the luminous physical structure towards all the points of the bodies it illuminates.There are bodies, which break up the light-rays that meet them and take external all their force (black). There are others, which take in rays to be reflected, some in the same golf-club at which they rec eive them (bodies with highly polished surfaces). just about bodies cause the rays to be reflected without leaveing about any other falsify in their action (white). Others bring about an additional change similar to that which the crusade of a ball undergoes when we graze it (red, yellow, blue, etc. ). The spirit has sensory awareness because of its presence in the brain, where it exercises the strength called the ‘ common sense.The perfection of an image often depends on its not resembling its object as it might (example: with a undersize bit of ink you can create a forest) Lemma Optics n. (Used with a sing. Verb) 1 . The branch of physics that deals with light and vision, chiefly the generation, propagation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation syndrome having wavelengths greater than x-rays and shorter than microwaves. 2. What something volition look like to the outback(a) world; the perception a public transaction person would have on something. . The view ing lens of public perception.How the media will play a story. Ad]. N. world-wide 1. Marked by or showing huge understanding: comprehensive k todayledge. 2. Having the ability to understand 3. Having or marked by an extensive mental order or grasp: comprehensive understanding. 1 . The act of taking to or upon oneself: precondition of an obligation. 2. The act of taking possession or asserting a contract: assumption of command. 3. The act of taking for granted: assumption of a false theory. 4. Something taken for granted or accepted s true without proof; a supposition: a valid assumption. . Presumption; arrogance. 6. logical system A minor premise. 7. Assumption a. Christianity The taking up of the Virgin Mary into heaven in body and soul after her death. B. A feast celebrating this event. C. majestic 15, the day on which this feast is observed. Hence DVD. A. For this crusade; therefore: handmade and hence expensive. B. From this source: They grew up in the Sudan; hence thei r interest in Nubian art. 2. From this duration; from now: A year hence it will be forgotten. 3. A. From this place; away from here: fetch you hence! . From this life. Brim 1 .The rim or uppermost edge of a hollow container or natural basin. 2. A projecting rim or edge: the have off hat. 3. A butt against or an edge. See Synonyms at border. 4. Full subject matter: â€Å"No sooner had the fighting started than the hotel filled to the brim with a most extraordinary collection of pot” (George Orwell). Per;chive try. V. Perceived, perceives 1 . To become aware of right off through any of the senses, especially sight or hearing. 2. To achieve understanding of; apprehend. See Synonyms at shit . Perceiver n. Coarse ad]. Oars;ere, soars;est. 1 .Of low, common, or subscript quality. 2. A. Lacking in delicacy or civilization: open manners. B. Vulgar or indecent: common language. 3. Consisting of large particles; not fine in caryopsis: coarse sand. 4. Rough, especially to th e touch: a coarse tweed. Coarsely DVD. Coarseness n. Liable ad] (postposition) 1 . (Law) de jure obliged or responsible; answerable 2. allergic or exposed; subject 3. Probable, likely, or competent its liable(p) to happen soon [perhaps via Anglo- french, from Old French lire to bind, from Latin legГre] liableness Usage: Usage.The use of liable to to mean likely to was formerly considered incorrect, but is now acceptable deviateion 1 . The act of deflecting or the condition of being deflected. 2. Deviation or a specified amount of deviation. 3. The deviation of an indicator of a measuring instrument from zero or from its usual position. 4. The movement of a structure or geomorphological part as a result of stress. Deflect intra. & try. V. Deflect;deed, deflect;ins, deflects To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate. Deflects;blew ad]. Deflective ad]. Deflector n. Refraction 1.The turning or turn of any wave, such as a light or sound wave, when it passes from one medium into other of different optical density. 2. Astronomy The apparent change in position of celestial objects caused by the turn of light rays entering Earths atmosphere. 3. Medicine a. The ability of the eye to bend light so that an image is focused on the retina. B. Determination of the deflective characteristics of the eye. Refraction;al, refractive ad]. Refractive;lay DVD. Refractive;nesses, n A;do (-d) Bustle; fuss; trouble; bother. V. try.\r\n'

'Problems Encountered Essay\r'

'It should be noted that flaws in every bodily function held within the plaques capacity is inevitable. As an organization cover and recognized under the jurisdiction of LNU, the Association of policy-making Science Students is expected to conduct and deliver activities consistent with that of the University or in consonance with its own personal interest. Provided however, that it will not disrupt the principles from which this University was founded.\r\nAs the organization directs its activities, several problems erupted which hindered the same to deliver what is known as â€Å"best”. Problems in Performance, Preparation, Consistency and Criticisms existed. Problems encountered:\r\n1) Performance\r\n drop of cooperation and incompetence were encountered. For instance, annually, the Leyte Normal University as a unanimous celebrates its Founding Anniversary. The APSS, as an organization of, and in livestock with the celebration of the latter, conducted an exhibit labeled â€Å"political hobo camp”. During the conduct of the same, the APSS failed to deliver (although not entirely) what was being pictured in the exhibit which resulted to criticisms not only by students but the Deans and teachers as well. With realization of failure, the APSS, specifically the committees conglomerate felt drastic loss, low-morale and degraded at near point.\r\n2) Preparation\r\nLack of helpingicipation and readiness were encountered. To be more specific, the problems were encountered during when the APSS conducted a Lecture-Forum regarding the controversy on the westerly Philippine Sea (South China Sea). During the preparation of tell event, the organizers due to lack of authority, if not, laziness failed to foster participation and cooperation amongst the Political Science Students needed in smart set to better realize the success of the event. With that occurrence, the organizers (committees) involved had vex with all aspect in the preparation of the event, that is to say, the over-all demeanor of the venue, logistics, etc.\r\n3) Consistency and Criticisms\r\nProblem in the abidance of thoughts was encountered. It is common in every organization to surround on what concept to use whenever the latter conducts its activities provided that amity is achieved. However, during the last activity held by the organization, that is, an exhibit authorise â€Å"Political Jungle”, the concept used was think by the majority of First year students free of the higher years. Which eventually resulted to perplexity on the part of the former considering the fact that, the concept used to instigate the event was poorly conceptualized †â€Å"The Naked Jungle of the Political Animals”. It left the activity and the APSS itself vulnerable to criticisms and confusion on the part of the individuals visiting the exhibit- †and it did.\r\n'

'Moral Difficulties Involved in War Reporting\r'

'Moral Difficulties Involved in contend Reporting Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………………. summon 3 Historical perspective on the ontogeny of diaristic example philosophy………………. rapsc aloneion 4 Deontology and Utilitarianism……………………………………………… rapsc altogetherion 5 honourable Dilemma: Should reporters eer disclose and/or discover classify reading in a sentence of fight fara behaviore? Arguments in save……………… pageboy 5 Ethical dilemma: Should reporters ever break out and/or publish assort nurture in a magazine of fight? Arguments contrary………………page 6 Applying principles of Deontology and Utilitar ianism to the honourable dilemma………………………………………………………page 8 Conclusion…. ………………………………………………………………page 10\r\nBibliography………………………………………………………………… page 11 Introduction Journalists covering wars and competitivenesss be nest with numerous honourable dilemmas regarding professed(prenominal) codes of conduct, laws regulating e call forthal certificate and individualal commitments to ideals such(prenominal) as the unrestricted’s right to cognize, and performing as the after part estate (with the front terce estates creation the executive, legis lative and judicial branches of governing body). Of the ethical theories we studied in the parley Ethics rail dash line, I chose to comp atomic add 18 and contrast Deontology and Utilitarianism, withdraw how they apply to a detail lesson difficulty, and expound what conclusions wad e drawn. For brevity sake, I engage left out such theories as arbiter and Fairness, Cargon Ethics, Virtue Ethics, and Moral Intuition as exposit by Jordin and Beaken (2009). I r separately as healthy as left out numerous new(prenominal) dilemmas, such as the role advocacy or slash plays in the news media profession as it relates to war and date. Here ar just a hardly a(prenominal) of the contemporary clean-living difficulties that could be examined: 1. Should reporters use soggy labels to describe terrorists? When is a terrorist a terrorist? 2. When can war sequence photos and pic incite violence? What ar the journalists responsibilities? 3.\r\nShould reporters ever passing water and/or publish classify information in a date of war? 4. Can (and should) word of honor media be used for war propaganda or security system review? 5. What would overt comport have been like for WWI, WWII or Korea if there had been unlimited and unregulated scrutiny as there is today with broadcast and digital media? The conflict I am specifically examining, and the moral difficulties it presents, involves the la tryout conflict in Iraq. To thoroughly examine virtuoso dilemma within this paper’s home limitation, I have chosen number three: should reporters ever leak and/or publish class information in time of war?\r\nIt is in this atomic number 18a that, while researching the above moral difficulties, I make a significant variation in attitude from war to war. Historical perspective on the evolution of journalistic ethics I found it is useful to place this examination within the historic mount and journalistic attitudes of just a few of many past conflicts reach ing as far back as the American Revolutionary warfargon period. Ben Franklin was one of America’s earliest and nearly influential journalists (Burns 2006). Burns tell aparts (p. 91), â€Å". . . he was as ethical a journalist as America produced in the 8eenth speed of light.\r\nYet, he deceived on occasion, that merely because he thought it was a better means to tell a story, and alone because he chew the fatd his readers were educate enough to k direct the ruse and understand that it served a deeper purpose. ” Franklin’s newspaper, magazine, and former(a)(a)s he inspired covered semipolitical and foreign news and wars. War insurance coverage of the cut and Indian War of 1754 to 1763, which began in Europe as the Seven Years’ War, bequeathd exciting reading to colonists. Reports were earthy of passel movements, battles and scalpings. Advocacy journalism was in enough flourish, and readers were encouraged (Burns 2006, p. 121) â€Å". . . o d atomic number 18 their French and Indian attackers. ” As taxes were increased in the colonies, newspapers began to encourage disobedience and a boycott of British bang-ups. Franklin summarized the state of ethical journalism of the American Revolutionary War when he wrote that â€Å". . . the bosom non scarcely can ‘ hold while the iron is hot,’ simply it can ‘ heat energy’ it by continually striking. ” Richards (2005) states the prevalent newspaper partisanship of 17th and 18th century began changing in the 19th century to a to a great extent unbiassed position. This was due to the increasing dependence on advert revenue, and the destiny to appeal to the broadest market realistic.\r\nHe similarly identifies news coverage of the Spanish-American War and the circulation wars between Hearst and Pulitzer as a low buck in American journalism, and providing impetus to a call for much objectivity and delimitate standards. That c ame in 1910 when the first code of ethics was created by the Kansas Editorial Association and in 1923 by the American Society of in the rawspaper Editors. Covered in these and subsequent books and codes were such ethical topics as reporting on national security, fairness and accuracy. The Hutchins Commission in 1947 (Richards 2005, p. 8) â€Å". . . ntroduced ii key notions †the ‘public good’ and the ‘greater responsibilities’ of the press. ” He adds, â€Å"According to this theory, the responsibilities of the press . . . were to be emphasised over its emancipations, and the press was to be considered opened to moral and ethical restrictions. ” During the second half of the 20th century there was considerable criticism of this social debt instrument theory. For instance, Richards queries to whom are the journalists responsible, what should the media be free to do, and why are they watching the brass rather than the governed?\r\nAls o, how does the journalist touch on the public good and of which of many potential publics are we speaking? To summarize, there have been times end-to-end journalistic history when untruth and taking sides was acceptable, but objectivity and responsibility were largely considered to be sea captain standards as we entered the 21st century. Deontology and Utilitarianism Of the many methods for applying ethical theories to war reporting, I narrowed the choice down to Deontology and Utilitarianism as referenced in the introduction.\r\nDeontology involves applying a universal place of principles (Jordin 2009, p. 15) â€Å". . . which makes the duty or the obligations we owe other merciful beings the fundamental principle of ethics. ” Doing our duty is not ground on a particular set of circumstances. Since acts are judged only by their consequences, the means justify the ends. Utilitarianism is defined by the consequences of actions, not the act’s moral or intrinsic v alue. Jordin (2009, p. 17) states, â€Å"Where deontological theories thus talk more in terms around what is right, consequentialist theories are more concerned with the good. Moral worth is determined by its capacity to produce the most amount of good for the greatest number. Here, the ends justify the means. How can these two standards patron resolving power our ethical dilemma? We can answer this question by examining a few cases from the real Iraq conflict and others. Ethical Dilemma: Should reporters ever leak and/or publish classified information in a time of war? Arguments in privilege: Former Pentagon aid Daniel Ellsberg leaked a highly classified study, subsequently called The Pentagon Papers, claiming the U. S. government deceived American citizens almost the acres’s involvement with Vietnam.\r\nMitchell (2008) refers to Ellsberg as establishing the precedent for when the public’s right to know outweighs claims of national security and secrecy. Ells berg argued that the ends justify the means since journalists well-nightimes do not question government war statements and do not delve deep enough. In a U. S. ultimate Court ruling on Ellsberg’s case, legal expert Hugo Black wrote (Bauder 2009, p. 110), â€Å"The government’s power to outlaw the press was abolished so that the press would remain eternally free to censure the government. The press was defended so that it could bare the cloak-and-daggers of the government and inform the passel. Alterman (2003) concurs, maintaining that graciouss are flawed and abuse authority if they believe no one is watching. He speaks not only of politicians and polity makers, but military leaders as well. Alterman reason it is the journalist’s role to hold political and military leaders accountable. Dean Baquet and Bill Keller (Bauder 2009, p. 111) say â€Å"Our job, especially in times like these, is to begin our readers information that go away enable them to j udge how well their elected leaders are fighting on their behalf, and at what price. ”\r\nThey add that the White House never intended for the public to know classified secrets about faulty give-and-take service that led to the current war in Iraq, about prisoner abuse, alleged torture, or about electronic eavesdropping without specific warrants. They claim Americans have a right to know how the war is being waged. Others maintain that denying the public’s right to know amounts to censorship, and sometimes this censorship is not used to cling to troops and prevent operational information from constituent the resistance (Williams 2009), but is used to promote co-occurrence for the war effort and sanitize its brutality and human cost.\r\nWilliams cites as an example that the often promoted â€Å"smart” weapons in the Iraqi Gulf War, which supposedly reduced noncombatant casualties, comprised only seven per cent of the bombs used. â€Å"The rationale for th is policy was that the public will no longer support any war involving a large number of civilian casualties. ” (Williams 2009, p. 159). He added, â€Å"When the flow of information in a democratic society is controlled by the authorities and when military considerations take precedence over all other considerations hence democracy itself is endanger. (Williams 2009, p. 167). To summarize, some believe it is ethical to expose government rail atdoing and deception because the public has a right to know how its government behaves behind closed doors and in foreign conflicts. Ethical dilemma: Should reporters ever leak and/or publish classified information in a time of war? Arguments opposed: At the beginning of WWII editor Tom Hopkinson withheld the truth from his British readers regarding the military contingency at Dunkirk, believing (Williams 2009, p. 154) â€Å". . . he truth would get off people and make them less able to resist an invasion. ” Williams goes o n to explain that similar restraint in revealing brutal photographs during the Korean War was so they would not â€Å"give aid and comfort to the oppositeness. ” Williams (2009, p. 156) explained the indication as to when it might be acceptable to carry on classified and potentially damaging information to a war effort: â€Å"The Second World War was a matter of national survival. at that place was a direct threat to Britain’s way of life. chastise would have resulted in subjugation.\r\nThe Korean War, on the other hand, at least as far as the British public was concerned, was in essence a police action happening on the other side of the world. There was no national emergency. There was no direct threat to national life. It is only when the very survival of a society is threatened that the truth can be interfered with. ” During the early stages of the first Gulf War in Iraq, detailed classified information regarding the extent and proceedsiveness of bombin g raids was withheld and restrictions displace on a reporter’s ability to interview pilots and troops (Hatchen 2000).\r\nInterviews conducted by pool reporters were subject to censorship. The U. S. Pentagon had decided there was a high antecedence assigned to the dismantling of the communications and military assure structure in Iraq. It was vitally important that the enemy could not anticipate coalition force intentions, targets, troop strength or movements. U. S. Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld verbalise that making classified information available to people who are not cleared for it makes finding and dealings with the responsible terrorists much more difficult.\r\nRumsfeld added (Tapper 2001) that â€Å". . . the inevitable effect is that the lives of men and women in uniform are rig at risk. ” President Bush concurred (Berkowitz 2003), stating â€Å"Our nations progress depends on the free flow of information. Nevertheless, throughout our history, the nat ional defense team has required that certain information be hold in confidence in order to protect our citizens, our democratic institutions, our homeland security, and our interactions with foreign nations. ” James B. Bruce (2007) argues that slide fastener is more important than national security.\r\nHe believes leaks previse and forearm the enemy and allows them to develop countermeasures, thus placing national welfare and our citizens at home and abroad at risk. He adds in an article published on www. cia. gov that, â€Å"The US press is an open vault of classified information on US intelligence gathering sources and methods. This has been true for years. But the problem is worse now than ever before, given the scope and seriousness of leaks twin with the power of electronic dissemination and search engines. He states that press leaks allow the enemy to see how secret intelligence works, and how to defeat it. Schoenfeld (2006) rails against newspaper leaks that opene d the classified network of CIA prisons in Europe retentivity theme captives, the disclosure of government surveillance of al-Qaeda suspects, and the monitoring of Al-Qaeda financial transactions. He adds the most serious leak was of a classified memoranda raising serious USA administration doubts about Iraq’s Prime Minister.\r\nHe states, â€Å"At a moment when the United States faces the present danger of plunder by Islamic terrorists and is struggling to protect itself from travel victim to a second September 11, a murmuration of overzealous, self-interested, and mistaken advocates is striving to shield the press’s independence of movement at the disbursal of many if not all of the competing imperatives of a dodging based upon the rule of law. ” To summarize, some believe the test for publication any kind of information, whether classified are not, is as follows.\r\nWill publishing the information: 1. provide aid and comfort to the enemy? 2. threaten t he pencil eraser of our troops and allies engaged in the conflict? 3. threaten our safety as a nation? Some believe if the answer is â€Å"yes” to any of the above, than the natural should not be published or distributed. Applying principles of Deontology and Utilitarianism to the ethical dilemma Universalists, and in particular consequentialists (Jordin 2000), would argue that the greater good is served by releasing secrets during a time of war.\r\nWithholding secrets could threaten the very foundation of democracy, and the principles we are fighting to defend. If revealing a secret exposes fell treatment of prisoners or casts doubt on intelligence gathering which led to the current Iraqi war, then the ends justify the means. A Deontologist would say releasing secrets would abrogate the right of a government to possess information that might prove harmful in other people’s hands. The duty to protect state secrets in a time of war is reflected in the â€Å"univers al human right to life” as described by Jordin (2009, p. 6), and life, whether it be a citizen’s or the nation itself, might be jeopardise if secrets were revealed. The means (keeping classified information secret) justify the ends (national security and public safety). How then can a reporter decide when confronted with this ethical dilemma? One betterment would be to answer the general questions from the URJC manikin (Jordin 2009, p. 29). URJC stands for Utilitarianism, rights and duties, and arbiter and care ethics. For the purpose of this discussion, I am employing only the Utilitarianism and rights and duties (Deontology) standards: . â€Å"Does the decision optimise the welfare and satisfaction of all the stakeholders? ” No, it would satisfy stakeholders such as crusading journalists opposed to the war, freedom of speech and public right to know advocates, but not necessarily the government, military or intelligence personnel whose lives may be placed i n danger, and not the stakeholder citizens who support the war. 2. â€Å"Does it respect the rights and duties of the individuals involved? ” No, for the same reasons as stated above. 3. â€Å"Is it fair and consistent with the norms of rightness? Yes, government leaks in Iraq and prior wars have seldom resulted in government prosecution or professional censure. 4. â€Å"Does it arise from and reflect an impulse to care? ” Yes, acting as the fourth estate and holding the government accountable and responsible for its actions is an altruistic goal. We can see from this exercise that the answers are evenly split: two â€Å"no” and two â€Å"yes. ” A further approach might be to use the modified URJC model as developed by Velasquez et al and described in Jordin (2009, p. 29) by answering the following questions: . â€Å"Who will be affected by each affirmable communication channel of action and what eudaimonias and harms will be derived from each? â⠂¬Â The publication of classified information in time of war could provide aid and comfort to the enemy and potentially endanger public officials, military and intelligence sources both at home and abroad. However, there are situations when governments may wish to cover up ill-chosen or potentially illegal activities, and the only way to shed light on the situation is by publishing secret information.\r\nTherefore, each situation would need to be reviewed in a case-by-case compend; weighing the potential for harm against the greatest good. 2. â€Å"Does the socio-economic class of action respect everyone’s rights to choose freely how they will live their lives, to the truth, to privacy, not to be harmed or injured, to what has been promised or agreed? ” No, revealing secrets during the time of war may result in harm and stain to its citizens and to the security of the government, even while promoting truth and democracy. 3. â€Å"Does the course of action treat e verybody in the same way or does it show favouritism or favoritism? No, selectively choosing which laws to break and which secret data to reveal does not treat everyone the same way and can show favouritism to a particular point of view, course of action or even a political party. The only way not to remove would be to blanketly publish all available leaks or secret data a reporter comes across, or to publish none at all. 4. â€Å"What kind of person do I aspire to be? Which course of action promotes the development of that character within myself and my biotic community? ” The decision is up to each reporter.\r\nSpeaking from private experience as a professional journalist I can answer that adherence to the principles of democracy, freedom of the press, and the public’s right to know are of highest importance. Yes, it may be acceptable in some circumstances to leak or publish classified material in a time of war. In reviewing the previous four questions there was one â€Å" perchance”, two â€Å"no” and one â€Å"yes” answers. Conclusion By answering the previous eight questions in the context of Deontology and Utilitarianism theories, it can be concluded that leaking and/or publishing classified information in a time of war is not acceptable.\r\nTherefore, it is possible to solve this specific moral difficulty concerning war reporting. Though it is possible to determine a course of action by applying these theories to such an ethical dilemma, the final result is not clear cut. The outcome was decided by a single â€Å"no” answer out of eight questions. Due to such a close margin, I believe these two basic theories can benefit from further modification and application of other ethical models to help find a solution to moral difficulties in war reporting. Bibliography ALTERMAN, Eric (2003).\r\nWhat liberal media? New York, prefatory Books. BAUDER, Julia (2009). Media ethics. Michigan, Greenhaven Press. BERKOWITZ, Bill (2003). Escalating secrecy wars. WorkingForChange. com, 9 July. [online]. coda accessed 21 Dec. 2009 at: http://www. alternet. org/story/16369/ BRUCE, James (2007). The consequences of permissive neglect. www. cia. gov, May. [online]. Last accessed 20 Dec. 2009 at: https://www. cia. gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v47i1a04p. htm BURNS, Eric (2006). Infamous scribblers.\r\nNew York, Public Affairs. HATCHEN, William (2000). Reporting the Gulf War. In: Graber, tendency A. , Media Power in politics. Washington D. C. , CQ Press, pp. 304-312. JORDIN, Martin. Ethical Theories. In: Communication ethics, Revised (2009) by Beaken, Mike. Sheffield, Sheffield Hallam University, pp. 14-30. MITCHELL, Greg (2008). So wrong for so long. New York, Sterling Publishing Co. , Inc. RICHARDS, Ian (2005). Quagmires and quandaries: exploring journalism ethics. Australia, University of New South Wales Press Ltd. SCHOENFELD, Gabriel (2007).\r\nWhy journalists are not abo ve the law. Commentarymagazine. com, Feb. [online]. 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